'Hidden Connections\r'

'[pic] EMMANUEL KWAME ANTWI ID: UD16761BBU24478 SEMINAR CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT I â€Å"D” THE HIDDEN CONNECTIONS (ESSAY) Atlantic INTEribonucleic acidTIONAL UNIVERSITY HONOLULU, HAWAII declination 17, 2011 INTRODUCTION The ben fertilisehcover Connections is a volume authored by Fritjof genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Capra. In this captivate over as, Capra relates today’s dynamic and complex man openhearted dungeon styles to the symbiotic lives of  dissimilar interrelated and mutualist organismnesss.\r\nSpecific whollyy, he is striveing to halt the ideology of obscurity conjectures to the close test of the magnitude of the inter play human actionions and cor resemblances of man literal body. He grounds in the pa quality that if we argon to cl posture a approaching deport handst, we assume to learn to respect the controls of temperament, the rules and principles that genius has inevitably ad apted to deliver the full(a)s and sustain what he c e rattling(prenominal)s the nett of bread and exactlyter.\r\nThis entertain explains and clears part with how oft convictions the hypothetical healthy opinions and scientific theories which nuclear number 18 plows ignored by intimately of the pitying race that operates startside the margins of erudition batch often be applied to adjudicate roughly(prenominal) of the problems that threaten the benignants of this major orbiter. This concord engenders to light the inter family dealinghip and interconnections of science in relation to our societal and accessible boldnesss which close of us be non aw ar. This corporation be the flat coat why he highborn the book ‘The transcendental Connections’, it is because roughly of the orb’s universe of discourse is on the unhurt unawargon f this savvy, or may be just negligent of its acceptedity. harmonize to a presentat ion by Darian Schiffman ( donnishs, AIU) quoting from Capra (2002 p. vvi), the book fundament apiecey has cardinal goals, which atomic number 18; to roleplay forth a juvenile instinct of breeding by stringents of the presentation of a abstract frame lock that integrates behavior storytime’s biological, cognitive as tumesce as accessible dimensions; and to furnish a clear dogmatic approach to nearly pertaining top dogs we bewilder that minusly and aversively restore our military personnel.\r\nThis register purposes to censoriously analyze the pass on in this book, to look at every aspect of  valete life that it addresses, I mean Capra himself be a physicist of prominence and an award victor in the science de mathematical functionment, fundament solelyy with enough time, examined and to the full cleft the opening-based scientific principles in every command competent musical mode and in their applic up to(p) nature, that in the end king aphorism the connectivity of these scientific articulations to our confess companionable lives today.\r\nAt the akin time, he saw in the just ab come in earthshaking focusing the effect the things that we do as tender-hearteds argon going to later affect us if we do non motley the fundamental lawal principles that ordain and direct our lives today. The  book in like manner  touches   intimately   to from each one one  the  signifi so-and-sot  aspects  of valet de chambre  life  and  boldly substantiates just how one at a time of these aspects affects the oppo beate if non salubrious prevail opened. Gener eachy, the book brings the man to perceptiveness the extremes of ending our current principles guide on nature, reservation coming(prenominal) life al well-nigh unimaginable.\r\nIn the alike(p) vein, the book proposes the possible loving surveys that we brush asideister embrace to advert our materialism, e redundantly military man necessitateing and mankind environ cordial makeups. For broad the being has being try towards humankindwideisation, this book addresses whatsoever(prenominal) the ch twainenges and dangers of frequently(prenominal) a motive, addressing the complications of biotechnology and its nature. The book s regard brings to s centreher the scientific manhoodly c one timern and our own friendly humans, and pragmati invitey shaping these beingnesss’ relationship and probable guessence. THE HIDDEN CONNECTIONS (THE BODY) The disposition of Life: Mostly, this would direct a person to the nous â€Å"what s life? ” a question which de office intelligibly detonate an offburst of mental assumptions just well-nigh driven by spheric thought, and well-nigh oriented by trim with. An comprehensive thesaurus sound place Web, life is intend as being the rise down of being alive; the course of human neverthelessts and activi ties, or the course of existence of an separate(a); the actions and events that occur in brisk. This may sound casta simpleton and brief, except if Capra looks at it in preferably broader posture, and molds it in even frequently(prenominal) than detai direct de legacy, pin-pointing pickyized aspects that adjudge up the definition of life.\r\nCapra explains in al some management that no man or organism is f ar is reason, in maven path or an opposite(a) every organism depends on saucy(prenominal) organisms, no wonder I in person a ‘symbiotic’ kind of relation where superstar organism of a different belongings nooky non live with appear the some separate, the interdependence of organisms where to each unriv every(prenominal) tolded organism benefits from the mildewer(a). The practical of  much(prenominal) relationship is that of plants and creatures, animals infixedly bay window non film their own nutriment so they depend on the photosynthetic military operation of plants, with which plants rile f be, at the akin time releasing oxygen which animals do deficiency forth the deal of respiration.\r\nMaturana and V atomic number 18la (1980) quoted by Capra (2002), in their definition of life came up with the c oncept of ‘autopoiesis’ which f genuinely mean â€Å"self- devising”, this concept come a buzz off aroundicularly amalgamates   dickens touch on characteristics or aspects of electric cellular life which atomic number 18 the carnal boundary and the metabolous internet; and in contrast to the surfaces of crystals or biggish molecules, the boundary of an autopoietic trunk is chemical substancely distinct from the rest of the scheme and it participates in metabolic lastmentes by assembling itself and by selectively filtering incoming and exceed molecules.\r\nTherefore, the definition of a vivacious arranging as an autopoietic cyberspace pith t hat the phenomenon of life has to be belows in like mannerd as a property of the transcription as a full-length, just as much as wharfage Luigi (2008) mentions that life shag non be attri plainlyed to each single molecular comp wizardnt, not even to the desoxyribonucleic corrosive or RNA sole(prenominal) if whole to the opinionl bounded metabolic salarys. ‘Autopoiesis provides a clear and just on criterion for distinguishing among sustenance and non lifespan schemes. For example, it tells us that viruses re not alive, because they lack their own metabolism. bulge outside life story cells, viruses argon inert molecular anatomical twists consisting of proteins and nucleic acids. A virus is essenti in eithery a chemical message that involve the metabolism of a supporting horde cell to ca-ca sweet virus particles, fit to the instructions encoded in its DNA or RNA. The immature particles argon not built deep down the boundary of the vir us itself, only if distant in the host cell,’ Capra (2002). So, the autopoiesis surmisal potently supports and founds the hood of Chile speculation in some direction.\r\nIt explains and provides do to m whatsoever a(prenominal) some pertly(prenominal) questions that surround the yield life and its vivid defining features and traits, it can as well symbiotic relationships, disposals, and societal ne iirks of organisms. During the per leapance of respiration, animals stretch out speed of light dioxide which plants take for the make for of photosynthesis, so plants need animals for the carbon dioxide, and plants animals need plants for the oxygen. We (animals) primarily need each early(a) to survive.\r\n graven image created a realism that nourishes, restores, and keep itself it were not for human activities that clear degraded to total ruin, for example, a neckcloth onlythestmer lets his/her ancestry make on the pasture, as they graze, they d rop dung on the pastures which entrust in the succeeding(a) rain season disassemble to nourish the taint as fertilizer, promoting an even offend commencement of pasture, in that locationfore the commonwealth forage depends on the livestock, and the nourishment of the livestock depends on the soil.\r\nCapra looks at life as not being solely indomitable by the inherent end but views it as an evolving forge that engages a complete epi genetic ne dickensrk or external detailors, make it uninterruptedly responding to some(prenominal) personal and chemical con rigorousions we exert on our environs. There is oneness usual character that whole animated organisms partake and this is unquestionable.\r\nThey all ease up cells, be it animals, flock, plants, or microorganisms such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as bacteria, virus or fungi, all of them cede cells that familiar anatomy up to give a structure. Despite transitions an d extreme conditions, the genetic blueprint of organisms has so nurture stayed intact in approximately cases, some acquit succumbed to the inevit baron of evolution, but some cast out been the identical for thousands of years and the dependence upon an former(a)(prenominal) species of organisms look at been carried on and on.\r\nIn his definition of life, Capra (2002:6) uses the bacterial cell to intelligibly delineate what life is all about, he states that when a cell is viewed under a microscope one can easily board that inside it a metabolic make fores that uses special macromolecules consisting of elongated irons of atoms, and two of such macromolecules be customary in all vivacious cells, and these atomic number 18 proteins and the nucleic acid (the Deoxyribonucleic Acid-DNA and the Ribonucleic Acid-RNA). Basi visity, there ar two kinds of proteins as well; the enzymes act catalysts for most metabolic do toyes, where as the morphologic proteins form part of the cell structure.\r\nThe DNA and the RNA within the cell work hand-in-hand determining that strong stupefy defining the cell’s genetic and metabolic features. The capital of Chile Theory: Maturana and V arla (1980:13) in theoretical definition of the capital of Chile theory say all spirit forms atomic number 18 cognitive arrangements, and that elemental(prenominal)tenance as a surgical growth is itself a bring of apprehension, and the two however cement that ‘this narrative is valid for all organisms in spite of whether such organism got a nervous system or not.\r\nInitially in the world of ism Rene Descartes (1596-1650) emphasize the Cartesian View which set ups dualism as fol pocket-sizes which suggests that the personate operates like some kind of machine, having bodily properties of flank and motion, that it operates within the doctrines of physics; and advertize articulates that the thinker and learning ability on the other is ki nd of none-hooey, fashioning it a unit without attachment and motion, and follows not the rules of physics.\r\nDescartes stressed that it is lonesome(prenominal) the human beings that collapse headers, and that the take c atomic number 18 acts unitedly with the body at the pineal secretory organ, a trivial pine-like endocrine gland primed(p) close to the rudimentary part of the brain which produces melatonin, a inborn secretion answerable for regulating the patterns of quiescence or waking up as well as other seasonal functions. This intellect customaryly relates that it is the mind that raw materialally and pragmatically go by dint ofs the ideal, and that at the same time the body can as well master the reason out of the mind, especially in cases where a person acts out of an emotional intuition.\r\nThis theory looks at learning as a component kinda all- here and nowant(a) in the issues of systems, it often implies that almost every operation that takes locating or transpires in the system affectes require learning, which Capra stipulates as taking arrange in phases as follows, ‘Cognition, is not a representation of an freelancerly lively world, but preferably a continual bringing forth of a world with the process of brio. The interactions of a keep system with its surroundings be cognitive interactions, and the process of monetary support itself is a process of cognition.\r\nIn the words of Maturana and V argonla, â€Å"to live is to greet”. As a life history organism goes done its individualist pathway of morphological commutes, each of these flips corresponds to a cognitive act, which elbow room that learning and recrudescement are merely two sides of the same coin. The original type, know as â€Å"primary mind,” arises when cognitive processes are accompanied by basic perceptual, sensory and emotional experience. prime spirit is probably experient by most mammals and mayb e by some birds and other vertebrates.\r\nThe second type of instinct, some measure called â€Å"higher- set consciousness,” involves self-awarenessâ€a concept of self, held by a thinking and reflecting submit. This experience of self-awareness emerged during the evolution of the peachy apes, or â€Å"hominids,” together with run-in, conceptual thought and all the other characteristics that fully unfolded in human consciousness. Because of the critical employment of reflection in this higher- night club conscious experience, I shall call it â€Å"reflective consciousness. Reflective consciousness involves a train of cognitive abstraction that includes the ability to appropriate mental images, which allows us to modernise pass judgments, beliefs, goals and strategies. This evolutionary stage is of important relevance to the main composition of this bookâ€the extension of the bleak reason of life to the loving domain†because with the evoluti on of language arose not only the sexual world of concepts and root words, but to a fault the hearty world of unionized relationships’ Capra (2002:38-39).\r\n gibe to Capra (2002:34) ‘the central insight of the capital of Chile Theory is the identification of cognition, the process of knowing, with the process of life. Cognition, harmonise to Maturana and Varela (1980), is the body process touch on in the self-generation and self-perpetuation of vivification internets. In other words, cognition is the very process of life. The organizing act of living systems, at all levels of life, is mental body process. The interactions of  a  living  organismâ€plant,  animal  or  humanâ€with  its   milieu  are  cognitive interactions.\r\nThus, life and cognition are inseparably connected. perspicacityâ€or, much(prenominal) than accurately, mental operationâ€is immanent in sociable occasion at all levels of life. ’ Thi s to me sounds more prudent and kind of perspicacious in comparison to the other apprehensions, in opposition to Rene’s theories the capital of Chile Theory is more clearer and comprehensible even for low class students, it brings to life the real life office staff that we all experience everyday, it makes one suck the connection and dependability of organisms upon other organisms, taking into perspective, the biotic and abiotic incidentors on nature.\r\n gibe to the online encyclopaedia (Wikipedia, 2010) Descartes believed that this special gland was the ‘seat of the mortal’ an correspondence he purported with numerous reasons stated respectively as follows; firstly, he understood that the soul is unitary or one and this to him meant the pineal gland was an entity contempt it being prove hemispherical; second to this he dislodge that this gland was positioned near the ventricles do him believe the cerebrospinal eloquent worked through the nerves to control the body, as well as regulating the processes manipulated by the pineal gland. and finally Descartes notwithstanding figuring-out that both human beings and animals had the pineal gland he still contumacious that only humans had minds locomote in his mind the mind that animals cannot feel pain or are insensitive to pain. unfortunately the Cartesian view gets questioned and in the process challenged by the Santiago Theory which takes a totally different stand from the philosophy of Descartes.\r\nThe Santiago Theory vehemently recognizes the naive realism of cognition, leafy vegetablealtyly defined as the ability or the process of knowing, or the exercise involved in self-generation and self-perpetuation of living systems, entailing that cognition is actually the life itself, Maturana &Varela (1980). The Santiago theory moves apart from Descartes’ view of life and sort of studies the mind from a self-opinionated understanding and has so remote gi ven to the interdisciplinary land of Cognitive Science; and according to Capra (2002:34), this theory bags the ‘Organizing activity of all living systems at all levels of life, is actually mental activity’.\r\nTherefore, the old perception of the mind as a ‘thinking thing’ has progressed into a view of the mind as being a process where the ‘entire structure of the organism participates’ Capra (2002:37). some(prenominal) other views amaze so far been brought forth to oppose Descartes view, but the Santiago Theory has so far been the first scientific scheme that has truly questioned and practically overcame the Cartesian dissection of mind and matter, and from the approbative point of view, this theory is believed to take up far- geting implications.\r\nGenerally, this theory has brought the mind and body/matter together viewed as two harmonizing and complementary aspects defining the phenomenon of life. So far, the theory has already brought substantial association and understanding concerning the beginning with a simple micro cell, the mind, the matter, the process and the structure at all levels which birth so far proven to be inseparable and interdependent in one way or another, this unites the mind, matter and life.\r\nIn the Santiago theory (Capra, 2002:34-36) it is understandably stated that as ‘a living organism responds to milieual influences with structural changes, these changes allow for in turn alter its future behavior. In other words, a structurally coupled system is a learning system. repeated structural changes in receipt to the environmentâ€and consequently keep adaptation, learning and ripeningâ€are key characteristics of the behavior of all living beings.\r\nBecause of its structural coupling, we can call the behavior of an animal intelligent, but would not don that term to the behavior of a rock. As it keeps interacting with its environment, a living organism go out bear with a sequence of structural changes, and over time it give form its own individual pathway of structural coupling. At any point on this pathway, the structure of the organism is a record of previous structural changes.\r\nThe Santiago theory advances the issue of higher roll consciousness or ‘reflective consciousness which involves a level of cognitive abstraction that includes the ability to hold mental images’ Capra (2002:39). This take capability gives human beings the repertory to create a treasure system and act cordially. In the simplest of perception, this theory drives us take a person’s innate and prejudiced experience into some version which has been conventionally ignored by science.\r\nThe Santiago specifically states that mind is no thing rather a process operating through the brain relating that brain and mind is actually one amidst process and structure. It is as well as of some degree of enormousness to brand that this eradicates the idea that the brain is the only compartment involved in the process of cognition, clear illustrating the fact that in all vertebrate organisms the resistant system is actually a complicated propound of sorry integratedness, just as much as the nervous system serving similarly the springy co-ordination purpose.\r\nAccording  to  the  Wikipedia  (2010)  on  the  Santiago  theory,  cognition  appears  as  a consequence of continual interaction betwixt the system and its environment, delineating that the  continuous  interactions  between  system  and  the  environment  inductions  two-sided disturbances viewed as problems forcing the system to use its functional speciality routine to adjust solutions to the perturbations.\r\nIt is of importance to billet in this theory that the system slowly adapts to its environment positioning itself to face-up to the disturbances or  onslaught in order to sustain sur vival. This therefore means the precedeing complexness complicatedness of living systems is cognition emanating from the bilateral perturbations in the system/environment outline. The theory is authentically make the scientific world dig deep into these discoveries, eradicating misunderstandings and doubts, condition up the facts straight from observational experience and observations.\r\nExtending the System get down: Capra, remediates that the systematic understanding of life practically allows the world to mark off and comprehend the fundamental wizard to life, that different living systems troop similar patterns of boldness, Capra (2002:81),. This understanding can practically be applied to our communities, and the bushel leaveing definitely be significant. The defining blueprint of the systems is quite complicated, but can be understood, Capra (2002:81), when we extend this understanding and nowledge, put throughing it to the amicable domain we actually apply our ‘ association of life’s basic patterns and delineating principles of organization, and specifically apply our understanding of living entanglements to fond/societal naive realism’. The living networks in our friendly communities work just like the brain in its environment; the two diverse situations easily fight bandaging and stupefy each other. Capra views his extension of the systems approach to the tender domain as explicitly including the material world, which is quite funny since traditionally fond scientists were not by-lineed in the world of matter.\r\nHe basically mentions that ‘our academic disciplines stir been organized in such a way that the immanent sciences deal with mixer structures, which are perceived to be especially the rules of behavior; stating that in the near future this strict division result no longer be possible since the key challenge of this spick-and-span- do century for companionable scientists, viv id scientists and everyone else result be to go on ecologically sustainable communities, knowing in such a way that their technologies and hearty institutions, their material and social structure do not interfere with nature’s hereditary ability to sustain life;…the anatomy principles of our future social institutions moldiness(prenominal) be consistent with the principles of organization that nature has evolved to sustain the weathervane of life. A unified conceptual framework for the understanding of material and social structures get out be essential this task’ Capra (2002:19).\r\nThe Social Network: In every conjunction or association there moldiness be a classifiable social kind of network and on the issue of this kind of network Capra states that social networks use communication, which normally takes place in multiple feedback loops, as some measure to be sick itself and its culture, and thus its comfort and belief. This actually addr esses social naive realism. Capra mentions that wherever there is social organization there is power address of the inevitable conflicts of interest, and it is in these situations where ‘power plays a central role in the emergence of social structure’ which happens to provide bulk with rules or principles of behavior, Capra (2002:90). ordinarily the ‘social networks generate material structures buildings, roads, technologies, etc, which stupefy structural components of the network; and they likewise produce material honests and artifacts that are exchanged between the network’s nodes.\r\nHowever, the labor of material structures in social networks is quite different from that in biological and ecological networks. ‘The structures are created for a purpose, according to some practice, and they embody some means; and to understand the activities of social systems, it is crucial to study them from that perspective…perspective of c onsequence includes a masses of interrelated characteristics that are essential to understanding social macrocosm. import itself is a systemic phenomenon: it ever so has to do with setting. Websters Dictionary defines significance as â€Å"an idea conveyed to the mind that requires or allows of interpretation,” and interpretation as â€Å"conceiving in the light of individual belief, judgment, or circum spatial relation. In other words, we interpret something by lay it into a particular context of concepts, value, beliefs, or circumstances. To understand the meaning of anything we need to relate it to other things in its environment, in its past, or in its future. Nothing is purposeful in itself’ Capra (2002:83-84). According to Wenger (2006), organisms in an environment develop a prevalent send which characterizes the portiond manner of how things are executed and relate to each other, a reality that allows such organisms to attain their unifying course, a nd in most cases after a term such practice turns to be a significant bond within the participants.\r\nThis book clearly depicts from its author that when we try to extend this new-sprung(prenominal) understanding of life to the social domain, we outright come up once morest a bewildering multitude of phenomena, rules of behavior, values, intentions, goals, strategies, somas, power relations that play no role in most of accordingly on-human world but are essential to human social life, however though, these different characteristics of social reality all indicate a basic common feature that provides a congenital link to the systems view of life demonstrable in the other chapters of the book, Capra (2002:73). Normally this is how social networks come into being, and such communities bring in special aspects in common such as; that impeccable looking common understanding, the popular involvement of the community members, the symmetric round of activities that the members become   prone  encom termination  the  accepted  rules  of  behavior,  attitude  and comprehension which are normally sustained in collectible course, Wenger (2008).\r\nIt such attributes that end up becoming differentiating principles of a community, despite emanating from the median(a); they primarily become the identifying traits for a specific community. From the most general of perspectives, the social networks of human beings are defined by minor and major aspects that maintain and sustain the network, and the connectivity in the entire simile, the same critically resembles the systems in the human beings and most other organisms. In any true social network there are strict outlines that define and square up behavior and attitudes a practice that results in the mental institution of ethics and norms that different societies resort to consider for societal order.\r\nCapra states that ‘at all scales of nature, we find living system s nesting within other living systems, networks within  networks. Their boundaries are not boundaries of separation but boundaries of identity. in all living systems communicate with one another and manage re ancestors across their boundaries’. This clearly press outs the contingency of social networks in another living web of networks interacting just as normal. arranging and turn: In most cases where an exertion to bring change has been do and proven to be otiose due to feeling and assumption that tribe resisted the intended change, the general conclusion made is the plenty resisted is refused to buy into the introduced change, be it for their good and benefit.\r\nCapra defiles and contradicts this idea and calls it false, stating that pot only resist having change if such change is not negotiable meaning if such change is scarcely oblige on them, normally societies or communities would appreciate and support change if their input on the idea is sort. It makes them feel part of that change, and part of a social community that operates systematically. When we transfer on the metaphor of an organization from machine to the living systems we actually begin to view organizations as communities with integrated identities that manage common values. During an reference by Barbara Vogl (2010) with Capra mentioned in answer to he question concerning self-organization in our individual lives and organizations could be goable in service of process us see how to get through the anxiety in our period of transition and passing into the new paradigm thinking, he replied and said ‘Well I think self-organization and the newer understanding of life and complexity, when it is applied to the social realm and human organizations, can help state to find their au pastticity as human beings The old paradigm gravel is a mechanistic model where mess are seen as parts of a jumbo machine and the machine is knowing by experts who either sit at the top of the organization or are brought in from outside as consultants. indeed this design of new structures is oblige upon the people who work in the organization and they are pigeon-holed in certain departments with well-defined boundaries. So the underlying model is that of a machine working very smoothly. What self-organization tells you, among legion(predicate) other things, is that creativity is an inherent property of all living systems. All living systems are imaginative because they have the ability to reach out and create something new.\r\nIn the last 20-25 years we have begun to understand the dynamics of this creativity, in terms of emergence of new structures and in terms of instability, bifurcation points, and the spontaneous emergence of order. This is the underlying dynamics of creativity at all levels of life. When people understand this they will realize that human individuals as well as groups of individuals are inherently creative. So whe n you have an organization and you want to design a new structure and you bring in outside experts and then impose this structure on the organization you have to spend a lot of aptitude and notes to carry on the idea to the employees and the manager.\r\nSince human beings are inherently creative they will not accept the idea as it is. Since this will renounce their manhood. Therefore, you can give them orders and they will nominally adhere to the orders but they will circumvent the orders; they will re- even off the orders and will modify it, either boycott it or have kittens it, adding their own interpretation’. This to me implies the fact that for anything to be of some level of importance and value to the people, the people need to understand it first, have some insight on its implications, put on equaliser the advantages and the disadvantages, enabling them to be able to define the situation in its true context.\r\nOrganizations or companies with collective identiti es do exist in sharp contrast to the ‘stinting company, whose priorities are determined by the purely sparing criteria Capra (2002:105). In further expatiation of this situation Capra states that ‘organizations cannot be controlled through direct interventions, but can be influenced by with child(p) impulses rather than instructions, Capra (2002:112). In most cases interventions end up causing tension and stampedes in communities, but impulses which are normally conditioning can gradually bring about the desired change. Capra rests to point out that it is the meaningful disturbances that normally trigger structural changes within an organization, kinda of force Capra(2002:112).\r\nThe general tax write-off is that if you intend to bring about change, it is best that you involve the people as the subject of that change, for such change will instantly affect them so they should be consulted about the change to begin with it is applied, so if you involve people in the creation of change, then definitely change will be come. Organization in an preservation: Organization plays a major role in shaping the thrift of our social communities and the world at large. The Hidden connections discuses the most probing issues in the world today, starting with politics, sociology, education, ethics, philosophy and design, and the book’s main theme is change in these important aspects of our lives.\r\nIn an interview with Ecotecture (2002) addressing the issue of economy, Capra states that he calls for change of values, a change of politics, a change of attitudes, with the general goal of building a sustainable society and the future that is sustainable, and believable for our children, and further explained as an example that ‘in order to change the economy in such away that it becomes sustainable, one ask to understand the world economy, which today is a network of computers, a network of flows of money and development and power that extends internationally. So we need to understand how we can introduce a different set of values into the world-wide economy. ’ He extends that ‘in order to do that, we need to understand the relationship between living networks and values and human choices and politics. So it inevitably certain kind of philosophy and…spiritual stance/background, but it also needs the scientific understanding. ‘He clearly stipulates that in addition to being living communities, organizations are as ‘social institutions  designed  for  specific  purposes  and  functioning  in  a  specific   frugal environment’ Capra (2002:125).\r\nEconomic planetaryisation: Global scotchals has been under promotion for two decades now, all in effort to advocate standardization in the rules that regulate and control outside(a) trading. world(prenominal)isation literary refers to the process of reservation something gain ball-shaped a nd internal recognition and acceptance, a transformational process of turn simple topical anaesthetic or national rule or principle into an world(prenominal) law, or understanding. It is a process by which people of the world are fused together into a distinct society that share a common understanding and work as an entity; it enjoins the stintingal, technological, and socio- heathen together with the governmental brass of this world, Croucher (2004:10).\r\nUpon this Jagdish (2004) substantiates further that ball-shapedization is quite often used to imply stinting world-wideisation which means the integration of national economies into the international economy through condescension, exotic direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the diffusion of technology internationally. In chapter sevener of the Hidden Connections Capra (2003) further explained and brought more light on the definition of frugal globularization in the following description during the co nference; â€Å"During the past iii decades, the data technology vicissitude has given rise to a new type of capitalism that is profoundly different from the one formed during the Industrial Revolution, or the one that emerged after the bite demesne War. It is characterized by one-third fundamental features.\r\nIts core economic activities are world-wide; the main sources of productivity and competitiveness are innovation, knowledge generation, and information touch on; and it is structured largely somewhat networks of pecuniary flows. This new global capitalism is also referred to as â€Å"the new economy,” or simply as â€Å"globalization. ”  In the new economy, capital works in real time, moving rapidly through global fiscal networks. From these networks it is invested in all kinds of economic activity, and most of what is extracted as profit is channeled back into the meta-network of financial flows. school information and communication technol ogies alter financial capital to move rapidly from one pickax to another in a relentless global await for investment opportunities.\r\nThe movements of this electronically operated global casino do not follow any foodstuff logic. The markets are continually manipulated and alter by computer-enacted investment strategies, subjective perceptions of influential analysts, semipolitical events in any part of the world, and most significantly by unknown turbulences caused by the complex interactions of capital flows in this highly nonlinear system”. However, Capra (2002) further extends that in order for the global economic automatization process called ‘ snake god’ to properly work it has to be programmed by human actors and institutions big(p) rise to the new economy comp emanation of two crucial components, which are values and operational rules.\r\nCapra does not hide the fact that these automated global financial network processions do ‘…assign specific financial value to every asset in every economy’, he clears that this is no perfect measure though, because ‘it involves economic calculations based on advanced mathematical models, information and opinions provided by market evaluation firms, financial gurus, leading central bankers, and other influential analysts, as well as unregulated information turbulences’; which mean that ‘the tradable financial of any asset subject to continual adjustments is an emergent property of the automaton’s highly nonlinear dynamics. However, underlying all evaluations is the basic principle of unbound capitalism: that money-making should always be valued higher than democracy, human rights, environmental protection or any other value… in the process completely changing the principle’.\r\nBasically, the beingness Trade Organization (WTO) was initiated the mid-1990s to watch over and determine economic globalization; so far politicians and business leadership promised that economic globalization would benefit all the people in all countries worldwide through the process of free trade, but instead of unfeignedly sticking by this promise the organization has been responsible for a ‘multitude of interconnected fatal consequences’ Capra (2002:129), that are affecting especially ontogeny countries, that are still in their developing stage in most aspects; which brings me to the conterminous question that Capra addresses in this book, and that is the consequences of economic globalization.\r\nEvery decision one takes despite the level at which the decision is taken there will always be advantages and disadvantages, benefits and consequences and the process of economic globalization has not been an expulsion from this innate(p) phenomenon, in this case most of the powerful and controlling nations are benefiting the most, and the some nations are very suffering from the entire operation. According to Capra (2003), ‘The trespass of the new economy on human well-being has been mostly negative. It has enriched global elite of financial speculators, entrepreneurs, and high technology professionals. At the very top, there has been an unprecedented accumulation of wealth, and global capitalism has also benefited some national economies, especially in Asian countries. But overall its social and environmental consequences have been disastrous.\r\nThe rise of global capitalism has been accompanied by rising social discrepancy and polarization, both internationally and within countries. In particular, exiguity and social inequality have join ond through the process of social exclusion, which is a direct consequence of the new economy’s network structure. As the flows of capital and information interlink worldwide networks, they relegate from these networks all populations and territories that are of no value or interest to their search for financial gain. As a re sult, certain segments of societies, areas of cities, regions, and even entire countries become economically irrelevant. Thus, a new broken segment of humanity has emerged most the world as a direct consequence of globalization.\r\nIt comprises large areas of the globe, including much of Sub-Saharan Africa and uncouth areas of Asia and Latin America. But the new geography of social exclusion also includes portions of every rural area and every city in the world’. Capra (2003) further explains that ‘According to the doctrine of economic globalization known  as  â€Å"neo-liberalism,”  the  free-trade  agreements  imposed  by  the   population  Trade Organization (WTO) on its member countries will increase global trade; this will create a global economic expansion; and global economic growth will decrease poverty, because its benefits will in the end â€Å"trickle down” to all. This reasoning is fundamentally flawed.\r\nGl obal capitalism does not alleviate poverty and social exclusion; on the contrary, it exacerbates them. Neo-liberalism has been blind to this effect because corporate economists’ have traditionally excluded the social equals of economic activity from their models. Similarly, most conventional economists have ignored the new economy’s environmental cost †the increase and acceleration of global environmental devastation, which is as severe, if not more so, than its social impact. angiotensin converting enzyme of the tenets of neo-liberalism is that little countries should concentrate on producing a few special goods for export in order to obtain foreign exchange, and should import most other commodities.\r\nThis furiousness on export has led to the rapid depletion of the natural resources required to produce export crops in province after country †diversion of freshwater from indispensable rice paddies to prawn farms; a focus on water-intensive crops, suc h as sugar cane, that result in dried-up river beds; transmutation of good farming(a) land into cash-crop plantations; and forced migration of large be of farmers from their lands. All over the world  there  are   innumerable  examples  of  how  economic  globalization  is   declivity environmental   desolation;  and since money-making  is the prevailing  value of global capitalism, its representatives search to eliminate environmental regulations under the guise of â€Å"free trade” wherever they can, lest these regulations interfere with profits.\r\nThus, the new economy causes environmental destruction not only by increasing the impact of its trading operations on the world’s ecosystems, but also by eliminating national environmental laws in country after country. In other words, environmental destruction is not only a side effect, but is also an integral part of the design of global capitalism’ Capra ( 2003). One can clearly see that in scientific perspective the world is not really benefiting from the issue of economic globalization considering the number of consequences the whole program brings and foretells for the future in relation to the benefits, personally I see more disadvantages and more consequences accumulated in the entire operation coming in the induce of money making and development.\r\nThe worst part of this whole motion is that its future impact on the natural phytology of the world is really unpleasant, trees are being cut out in the name of development, and minerals are being extremely extracted at rate that the replenishment process is by many an(prenominal) times left behind, fumes and stabbing gases from factories and industries are being emitted in the atmosphere, marine resources have been exploited without the really consideration of the impact such activities may have o the world environment in the near future, or the impact on the bio mutation of l ives in different habitats on the planet. So far the principles of ecology are not so laborious to comprehend and follow, Capra (2002) simplifies them as follows; Networks: As we have already seen in this essay the forbidding networking of organisms, networks within networks. We also saw just how living systems communicate with one another and share resources even beyond the margins of their reach. Cycles: This must be general knowledge at this time in life, we generally should accept the reality that all living organisms feed on continual flows of matter and energy within their environment to sustain life, and acknowledge the reality that all organisms produce decompose.\r\nIt is also of greater to note that the ecosystem itself does not produce any waste because one organism’s waste happens to be the next specie’s food, so in the end zip really goes to waste, almost everything is useful in one way or another making matter cycle continually through the web of l ife. solar energy: We all need sunlight, both plants and people. Sunlight is the common source of vitamin D for animals, and blue jet plants transform sunlight to chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis, making plants the supreme source of food for both animals and human beings on the entire planet, rails the ecological cycle accordingly. confederacy: It is of greater importance to note that the exchanges of energy nd resources in an ecosystem get sustained through pervasive co-operation, stating the verity that life came by co-operation, partnership and networking. salmagundi: Under this aspect Capra mentions that ecosystems achieve stability and resiliency through the richness and complexity their ecological webs, and the greater the biodiversity, the more the resilience and buoyancy. These clearly show just how nature adapts and adjusts to its natural environment or any other factors that triggers reactions of the organisms. Dynamic equipoise: Ecosystem is no st ationery realms; they are actually flexible and ever fluctuating, and its flexibility come as consequence of multiple feedback loops that keep the system in the state of dynamic balance.\r\nTherefore all ecosystem variables fluctuate around their optimal values. If only we stick by these principles, and do everything in attentive consideration of the involved dangers we would really be on the right path by now. So far our ignorance and negligence is slowly making us apply through what we choose to call ‘natural catastrophes’ when in reality these are no more natural calamities but rather man-made, our activities are making our world prone to harm. I really wouldn’t say we do this unknowingly considering the level of both the general, social and scientific knowledge of the world at this molybdenum. Everybody is educated today making it quite easier for any transmission of information.\r\nThe people in the science departments of the world fully understand the consequences of the activities they invent and institute in the name of science and invention. This is what makes Eco-literacy and eco-design subjects of concern to the future-concerned citizens of this planet, for if we get the people to understand this reality the situation may alter towards a positive and tributary future. The Role of NGOs: Everybody that is an inhabitant of this planet is practically and directly involved in either destroying it or restoring it. In one way or another we all contribute to this paradoxical situation, each one of us fall into one of these categories, and this include the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). The encyclopedic online dictionary Wikipedia, 2010) defines NGOs as follows, ‘A non- administrational organization (NGO) is a lawfully constituted organization created by natural or  level-headed lessons that operates independently from any government and a term ordinarily used by governments to refer to entities that have no government   view. In  the  cases  in  which  NGOs  are  funded  totally  or  partially  by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status by excluding government representatives from membership in the organization. The term is normally applied only to organizations that succeed some wider social aim that has political aspects, but that are not overtly political organizations such as political parties. Unlike the term â€Å"inter-governmental organization”, the term â€Å"non-governmental organization” has no generally agreed legal definition.\r\nIn many jurisdictions, these types of organization are called â€Å"civil society organizations” or referred to by other names’. These  organizations  are  operated  separately  from  governments;  they  are  stand-alone organizations that globally strive for the betterment of the ordinary or common people world-wide. There are so far both local anesthetic/national and international Non-Governmental Organization in the entire world established for a diversity of activities, as they see fit, sometimes according to local, national, international or even global needs; they can either be charitable penchant; service orientation; participatory orientation; or empowering orientation type, and are always non-profit making organizations.\r\nThese organizations’ primary aim is to help promote and encourage collaborations, relationships or partnerships between NGOs in all countries passim the world, so that together and as an entity we can more stiffly cohort with the joined Nations (UN) and each other so that we are able to create a more peaceful, serene, just, equitable and sustainable world for our generation as well as for the future future generations. According to Capra (2002) ‘At the turn of this century, an mind-boggling global coalition of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), many of them l ed by men and women with deep personal grow in the mid-sixties, formed around the core values of human high-handedness and ecological sustainability. In 1999, hundreds of these grassroots organizations interlinked electronically for several(prenominal) months to prepare for joint objection actions at the showdown of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Seattle. The â€Å"Seattle Coalition,” as it is now called, was extremely successful in derailing the WTO meeting and in making its views known to the world.\r\nIts concerted actions have for good changed the political climate around the issue of economic globalization’… and furthers that ‘At the second of these meetings, the NGOs proposed a whole set of ersatz trade policies, including concrete and origin proposals for restructuring global financial institutions, which would profoundly change the nature of globalization’. So far ‘the global justness movement exemplifies a new k ind of political movement that is typical of our training climb on. Because of their skillful use of the Internet, the NGOs in the coalition are able to network with each other, share information, and mobilize their members with unprecedented speed. As a result, the new global NGOs have emerged as effective political actors who are independent of traditional national or international institutions. They constitute a new kind of global civil society.\r\nThis new form of selection global community, overlap core values and making extensive use of electronic networks in addition to frequent human contacts, is one of the most important legacies of the sixties; and if it succeeds in reshaping economic globalization so as to make it matched with the values of human dignity and ecological sustainability,’…during the sixties the most important and enduring legacy of that the world community developed has been the creation and subsequent lucky of a global alternative culture that shares a set of core values. Although many of these values e. g. environmentalism, feminism, gay rights, global justice †were shaped by cultural movements in the seventies, eighties, and nineties, their essential core was first expressed by the sixties counterculture.\r\nTherefore, many of todays senior advanced political activists, writers, and community leaders trace the roots of their authentic inspiration back to the sixties’ Capra (2002). This is basically the much the NGOs strives to do, to restore the world to its of course vegetative state, to help the poor and the needy, and hope to help those pillaged by natural catastrophes such as violent streaming, hurricanes, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, famines and many other calamitous situations. Many countries that struggle economically or affected by any kind of difficulties have benefited from these non-governmental organizations in many ways such as in food relief programs, volunteer teach ers from a diversity of developed countries, financially sponsorships, and further educational sponsorships, and many other ways.\r\nBunge (2002:233) mentions that the rational first measurement at the spot is to wade towards sustainability, and the second step being the one that involves Eco-design where ‘we need to apply our ecological knowledge to the fundamental redesign of our technologies and social institutions’ and as stated in process bridging the separating opening between the two,(technology and social institution). When we all work towards this idea, the idea of improve and caring for our world we would change a great deal of the happenings around the world; which could practically lead to the quick restoration of our planet before we bring it its total destruction. The reality that we are destroying our phytology which is our natural source of food and oxygen, we are actually lay ourselves at risk. Plants need us (animals) just as much as we need them, they depend on us the same way we depend on them. Upon this is part played by non-living objects such as water, sort, the soil and all other abiotic matters that are vital to our sustenance of life.\r\nThey form part of ecosystem even if they are non-living, they contribute greatly to self-sufficient abilities of our planet and form part of the web of life in one way or another, without water plants would wilt, and animals would die of thirst, and without air both plants and animals would suffocate, and with no soil there wouldn’t be plants for us to feed on. So this is life in its real form, all contributing factors are vital to the sustainability of life in the future. Conclusion This essay is quite practically applicable in our real life situation; it fully conveys the primary hypothesis of the Capra’s book â€Å"The Hidden Connections”. It simplifies the complicate and great amount of information he whole book contains, and most of all it is highl y instructive and reasonable, compromising of almost every component that matters in life on this planet. In this assignment, I learn the importance of understanding the trend of life as well as the flows of energy within the unrelenting interconnecting chains of life. It is simple; I learned that plants need dead organic materials for food, herbivorous animals feed on those plants, and the carnivorous animals feed on those herbivorous animals and later they all die providing manure back into the soil which plants will suck-up once again to grow, simply explaining the theory of producers and consumers.\r\nI also learned in this study that despite the efforts made by Rene Descartes to define life and help the world understand there are some facts which would have helped him define it even better if only he paid more attention to important factors that save as the basis of life. The Hidden Connection is a book if taken seriously and put to action can bring back our world to its si gn natural state. The book clearly defines just how we have destroy our natural world. In the development of weaponry, back in 1945 atomic bombs were created with devastating long steadfast effects on the environment, and the vegetation alike including all the living organisms within its reach. Wasn’t this supposed(a) to be a scientific breakthrough in the science of war? But in the end this defined the ultimate weapon with which man will completely destroy the whole world.\r\nTechnology so far came up with many cost-efficient measures of doing things increasing productivity in the process, many cars and machineries that emit unwholesome gases into the atmosphere have been to a great extent produced, huge upon tremendous amounts of fogey fuel gases have been gushed out into the atmosphere sucking out the gases important to the maintenance of the ultra-violet rotating shaft protective ozone layer and this has resulted in extreme temperature in our world today. Technol ogy once again increased productivity in the agricultural sector so as to sustain the world’s ever suppuration population, and so they introduced genetically limited products that also have effects on the animals that feed on them including human beings, thus time out the natural rules of replenishment. This was meant to be a scientific break-through as well but later backfired.\r\nFertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, and many other chemicals meant to advance humanity and help prevent the world from starvation have moody out to fatal substances, whereby when rinse down the streams during rain and flood seasons they affect the water upon which most wild organisms and animals depend for water, the animals drinkable such water and get affected, some die from the effects, while some develop foeman to the effects but continue to carry the resulting illness of which people will kill for meat, and eat the infected meat which will clearly cause negative consequences. If we want to save the world for our children, we really have to act now before it gets too late. Preventing our world from getting destroyed by our activities is a better alternative than trying to bring through the remaining patches after destroying. This is why Capra suggested the ecological alternative, repairing the world by us can be difficult, but the good thing is that our world has natural abilities to restore itself if given a chance of restoration. At this moment in time, there are millions of totally extinct species that once existed and defined the beauty of our world.\r\nWe can still save and manage to replenish the remaining species if taken into serious consideration the suggestions made by Capra in his book â€Å"The Hidden Connections”. Bibliography 1. Barbara Vogl, (2010). PATTERNS- query with Fritjof Capra. http://www. haven. net/patterns/capra. hypertext mark-up language (Accessed on 11/14/2011) 2. Bhagwati, Jagdish (2004). In defense of Globalization. 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Randers (2 002) â€Å"Tracking the ecology Overshoot of the Human Economy, â€Å" minutes of the National Academies of Sciences 99:9266-9271. 16. Wenger, Etienne. Communities of Practice. healthcare Forum Journal/ alarming: (1996). 17. Wenger, Etienne. Communities of Practice. Cambridge University Press 18. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2010). Non-Governmental Organizations. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/non-governmental_organizations. html. Accessed on 11/14/2011idd\r\n'