Theodore Dreiser and Psychology :: essays research papers

At the time of Theodore Dreisers writings homo stopping point was looking to find the psychological reasons for societys miscreants. Psychology was the new science fad due to the popularity of Freud and other psychologists. People were beginning to delve into the world of the subconscious as the source of their troubles. No longer were all mental illnesses considered maladies of the brain. Some were being able to be treated through the treatment of the psyche, a Freudian term. Hypnotism was a popular method of therapy. By investigating the dreams and hidden memories psychotherapist believed they could find the root of the afflictions of their patients. The lounging couch now so greatly associated with the psychotherapeutic method of free association was just coming into popular use.This time period reflects the ideas that surrounded Dreiser. Growing up poor in inch as the ninth of ten children in a devout Catholic German immigrant family, Dreiser received little formal education as his family moved from townsfolk to town. While able to secure a college education at the University of Indiana he only managed to stay enrolled for one year. However, he was voracious reader. One of his favorites was Dr. Sigmund Freud, the superior psychologist during Dreisers life. This fascination with psychological theories as well as his ability to understand them would become a major trademark of his later sketch much(prenominal) as Sister Carrie, in which he details the rise and fall of a working girl. It is also predominant in his most successful work An American Tragedy, in which he spins the tale of a psychopathic, overly ambitious young man who will stop at nothing including murder to detect wealth and great status.Sister Carrie is preoccupied with Dreisers statement that society is two concerned with the societal demands for material success. This is the sociological declaration made in this novel. The author makes the reader see this. Take the following passageA woman should some day write the complete philosophy of clothes. No depend how young, it is one of the things who wholly comprehends. There is an indescribably faint line in the matter of mans apparel which somehow divides for her those who are worth glancing at and those who are not. Once an individual has passed this faint line on the way downward he will get no glance from her. There is another(prenominal) line at which the dress of a man will cause her to study her own.

Human Evolution In Africa :: essays research papers

Evolution In AfricaHumans, as we consider ourselves, evolved in Africa. non entirely, but from early order Primates to our present state. Many people dispute this concomitant, despite astounding evidence supporting the theory, for various reasons. Showing all the genetic, paleological, and geologic proof, I find it very(prenominal) hard indeed to contradict the evidence.True, humans didn&8217t evolve entirely in Africa. As a matter of fact the first known ancestors of humans where found in North America, in the Utah Valley. These animals where nothing more than a shrew in the shadow of the dinosaurs. However, with the publication that killed the dinosaurs, they where finally allowed to reproduce and gap. At this time, according to isotope dating, the knowledge domain was averaging 4 times warmer than it now is. As time went on, the small mammal had spread end-to-end Eurasia. All of Eurasia then was covered in tropical forests. Primates evolved in what is now the Indian Subcon tinent.From their placement in India, then still lowland, primates spread throughout the world once more. Some returned to North America, only to be wiped out by rodents already living there. Others spread to Europe and the Middle East.By this time, Africa had just split from marsupial overrun Gondwanaland. About a million years later it reached the Middle East, and primates moved in. By now the world had cooled enough that the primates in Europe had been decimated to near extinction. They also migrated south, for the Mediterranean Sea was at that time dry lowland. Now almost all of the primates left in the world were in Africa, and the only marsupial that wasn&8217t wiped out was the opossum. Primates and large cats now ruled, with rodents scarce, which meant that the primates had to adapt to keep from graceful lunch. In light of this, natural selection shows only those primates with larger bodies and higher intelligence survived.The once rodent sized primates, lemurs, now only p opulate in Madagascar, which had separated from Africa in the early Eocene Epoch, and where there were no predators to be found. In most of Africa, however, the primates got larger. They shifted evolutionary gears to start becoming apes and hominids.The first apes to evolve, Afropithecus was very small by ape standards. They were dumb tree swingers, but it was by their appearance that we owe our existence, along with chimps, gorillas, and orangutans. These apes, despite their stupidity, were very successful and spread rear to India once more.

Feudalism and Capitalism Essay -- Economics Economy Norma Rae Essays

Feudalism and Capitalism Economic processes are those involving the production and distribution of goods and services. However, they do not completely determine this production and distribution. There is an interrelationship of economic, cultural, environmental, and political processes that all help to shape each other. Nothing that we do can be defined as a single process, for it is the interaction itself that helps to produce the final results that we observe. To understand this more fully the following basic definitions may be of use Cultural Processes are those that involve the creation and transfer of knowledge-the production of meaning. Political processes are those by which we establish and enforce rules, and they have to be reproduced and communicated by way of cultural processes. And finally, environmental Processes are processes and transformations of matter into other matter or matter into energy through various activities. From this one can see that the state of the environment is change by culture, politics, and economics. To reiterate, we cant talk about economics and the questions that it attempts to resolve, without talking about or at least including these other aspects because they all interact and must be considered as well. There are a number of fundamental questions that economic systems attempt to solve How does one gain access to the resources needed to produce new and utilizable goods and services? How does one get humans to perform the labor? How do you organize the production process? How do you get the produced output into the hands of consumers? And finally, who gets the redundancy and what do they do with it? Using these questions as a basic framework, one can attempt to dete... ...)ReferencesFeudalism. http//www.maricopa.edu/academic/cult_sci/anthro/lost_tribes/Feudalism.htmlKorten, David C. Life After Capitalism. November 1998. http//www.ratical.org/many_worlds/capitalism.htmlMiddle Ages Age of Feudalism. htt p//www.intelliseek.com/cgi- lay in/nphProFusion.pl?queryterm=feudalism&option=all&display=10&totalverify=0&auto=all&engine1=AltaVista&engine2=Organized Labor. Wysiwyg//16http//www.britannica.com/barticle/9/0,5716,115719+1+108786,00.htmlprof Gabriel course web page http//www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/filmcourse.htmlShadab, Houman. Capitalism Frequently Asked Questions. 1996. http//www.ocf.berkeley.edu/shadab/The Rise of Feudalism. http//www.ukans.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/feudalism.htmlWhats Wrong With Capitalism. http//www.geocites.com/Paris/2159/capindx.html

The Challenge of Good Advice :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

The Challenge of Good AdviceGood advice is in the eye of the beholder. Advice needs to be relative to the situation. If whatso everthing is missing from advice the solid topic may be dismissed. If there is too much some info may be missed because some is forgotten or assistance diverted. For advice to be good options should present themselves. I wont want to be told there is only one way to do something. No straight forward resolving power should ultimately clinch it for me. Id want insight from a variety of sources. Such as verbal and non-verbal, sentences and actions. Cautioning against something too much may have the reverse effect, every once in a while Ive been known to see what will happen, even if guided to do otherwise. The same advice given to two different state may trigger different actions. My mother has said this to me Save your money for something you really want when I was young, like age 9, I ignored this advice because I wasnt ready for it and I wanted candy. My age, 18, allows me to listen better save it for college or to buy a car. The older I got the more willing I was to take in advice. It all depended on what I was thinking and feeling at a particular time or age. Or 18 year olds, like some of my friends could disregard the advice as well and just want to party. To me good advice comes from someone I respect or even want to be like. However, if that person is on the wrong track with advice then they could lead me astray. Their so-called good advice may be the worst advice I could ever receive. Taking advice has to be a astuteness call as well as a learning process. If I were to choose the wrong path it would be no ones fault but my own. I usually want drawn out examples of situations in order to choose what advice is good for me and what is not. Yet my brother wants advice straight to the point and easy to refer concealment to. Then sometimes I want a little of both. To me the somewhat drawn out examples help me to choose the path to go. With more examples Im bound to guess at least one if not more. The short, but not always sweet, explanations may leave room for interpretation which occasionally have led me to the eve of destruction.

Obesity In the United States Essay -- Health Weight Obese Essays Diet

In America we have many issues to worry about from AIDS to Ebola.A large worry should be the epidemic in America that has killed more then 300,00 people a year (tuberose,1). An epidemic so strong that over the past 20 years there has been a dramatic increase in the United States? (Nutrition,1). How would you feel if I told you this very epidemic was in your house now? America is at war mighty now and we are losing , this war started many years ago and has not yet been won. Every year we lose many of our beloved ones to this monster , what end we do? Obesity, the new green eyed monster, has taken over America and nothing has been done. Americans are heaviest people in the world we have been the heaviest since , the 1950s. With our growing riches and appetites we eat way more than three meals a day, which in some countries is a whole weeks worth of food. In 1996, a U.S. Department of Agriculture canvas revealed that at least 33 percentage of all adults in the United States were ov erweight that number increased to 61 percent of adults and 13 percent of children in 1999 according to the Surgeon General. In late 2001, the Surgeon Generals report said 27 percent of Americans are obese and 61 percent are overweight. ( Tuberose,3)Scientists have found there are four main components working against us in this battle of the bulge, The media, our eating habits, lack of exercise, and our own individual(a) heritage. In todays society it seems that everywhere you wait on you are always being pressured into trying to force yourself better, there are signs every where you look declaiming you that your not pretty enough, smart enough, thin enough, or that anything you have is not good enough. All this pressure that the media puts on people causes a unhopeful self-esteem (Tuberose,6). When people are stressed out or have a low self-esteem they produce a hormone called insulin, which increases the lipid uptake causing people to gain weight in their midsection and butt ocks, the two most dangerous storage areas. (Susan G. Berg page 12). Not only does the media tell you that you are worth less they try to fool you into thinking that you might not be so worthless if you bought some of their products for example, diets pills. Most diets pills are dehydrators, they make you think you are losing weight when in reality you are onl... ...If we can come together and learn to live a healthier life ,full of eating right ,and exercising we can over come this monster which kills to many of our beloved ones each year. If we dont act now we might heart worse consequences in the long run. According to a 1995 report by the Institute of Medicine, 59 percent of the adult population met the current definition of clinical obesity, which qualifies the disease for epidemic status. One study predicted that if obesity continues to increase at its current rate, every single man, woman, and child will be obese by the year 2030.( Tuberose,3) Works Cited1. American family Physicians. what it takes to lose weight. Jan 1,2003. American Academic of family physicians.02/03/05. 2. Tuberose calories and obesity no posting date, Tuberose .02/03/05 3. Nutrition & Physical Activity.08/17/04.National Center for chronic diseases prevention and health. 02/03/05 4.Aliha Bauman and the editors of Prevention . Fight Fat. Library of congress St. Martins press. 19985. Susan G. Berg and the editors of Prevention . Food Smart. Library of congress St. Martins press. 1998

Graduation Speech: We Are the Leaders of Tomorrow :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Anne Frank confided to her diary that, Parents can only give good advice or put them on the right paths, nevertheless the final forming of a persons character lies in their own hands. And as we, the class of 2006, stand at the end of one path in our lives, and stare out at the subject field of possibilities before us, we are faced with awesome decisions. We have a wealth of knowledge behind us -- our parents and our families. We are at a point where we must decide where to go and what to do. One misstep now, even the slightest one, can cause a lifetime of regret. So as you and I set out on our chosen path, we must carefully consider where we are and where we want to go.Born in Tupelo, Miss. in 1935, one of the greatest thespians of the 20th century began his life in a humble setting. After a poverty-stricken childhood, this young man became a truck driver in Tennessee. Realizing he had tremendous musical talent, the musician visited Nashville and was able to secure a performance at the Grand Ole Opry in 1954. At the close of the performance, the manager, Jim Denny, fired him saying, You aint going nowhere, son. You ought to go back to ride a truck. But did this young man give in? Did he listen to the professionals? No, he tried again and again until he found a venue for his music. Once he found his break the rest is history, today we remember Elvis as one of Americas greatest musicians.Parents can give us advice, they can point and push us in a given direction, but the final authority lies with us. My parents have always encouraged me to challenge myself, but when it came time to create a schedule and choose classes, the decision was mine.The Byrds remind us that, To everything ... there is a season ... and a time to every train under heaven. I would contend that there is a time for guidance and a time for independence. Just like Elvis, we impart encounter people who will have a different view of where we should be. Whether that person is a manager, a pa rent, a friend, we must carefully weigh the advice they give. At times we may be deviating from the best path for us and we made need their loving correction, but at times the advice may not fit our goals.

Graduation Speech: We Are the Leaders of Tomorrow :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Anne Frank confided to her diary that, Parents can only give good advice or put them on the in effect(p) paths, but the final forming of a persons character lies in their own hands. And as we, the class of 2006, stand at the end of one path in our lives, and descry out at the field of possibilities before us, we are faced with awesome decisions. We have a wealth of knowledge behind us -- our parents and our families. We are at a point where we must decide where to go and what to do. One misstep now, even the slightest one, can cause a lifetime of regret. So as you and I set out on our chosen path, we must carefully consider where we are and where we want to go.Born in Tupelo, Miss. in 1935, one of the greatest musicians of the twentieth century began his life in a humble setting. After a poverty-stricken childhood, this young man became a truck driver in Tennessee. Realizing he had tremendous musical talent, the musician visited Nashville and was able to secure a performance at the Grand Ole Opry in 1954. At the close of the performance, the manager, Jim Denny, fired him saying, You aint button nowhere, son. You ought to go back to driving a truck. But did this young man give in? Did he listen to the professionals? No, he tried over again and again until he found a venue for his music. Once he found his break the rest is history, today we remember Elvis as one of Americas greatest musicians.Parents can give us advice, they can point and push us in a given direction, but the final authority lies with us. My parents have always encouraged me to challenge myself, but when it came time to create a schedule and choose classes, the decision was mine.The Byrds remind us that, To everything ... there is a season ... and a time to every purpose under heaven. I would contend that there is a time for guidance and a time for independence. Just like Elvis, we exit encounter people who will have a different view of where we should be. Whether that person is a manager, a parent, a friend, we must carefully weigh the advice they give. At times we may be deviating from the best path for us and we made need their loving correction, but at times the advice may not break down our goals.

Australia’s Religious Landscape Post 1945

We live in a postmodern cosmea in the sense that no single religion, governing body or ideology has any convincing claim to be the one voice of truth. We be yet to grasp the full reality that Australia is a pluralistic, multicultural, multi-religious federation in which among bulk of different traditions and with indigenous nation is a requirement of social cohesion. In a global world our national identities in no way disallow our responsibilities for the well-being of all humanity and the one earth we share. Dr Gerard Hall SMDr Gerard Hall says we now live in a postmodern world where no single religion, system or ideology can convincingly claim the one voice of truth. Australia has been long dominated by the Christian faith with the 1911 census reporting 96% of Australians subscribing to any denomination of Christianity. This large percentage of Christians can be attributed to the White Australia policy. However, the 2011 census revealed a decrease of Christians with still 61% aligning themselves with the faith, half of the overseas-born population also reporting a Christian denomination.Non-Christians affiliations and those reporting no religion meet increased radically since the finishing census. The number of people reporting No Religion increased from 15% of the population in 2001 to 22% in 2011. This is most prevalent among younger Australians with 28% of people aged 15-34 reporting they had no religious affiliation. in that location are over 59 religious traditions present in Australia today. Globalisation has influenced the growth of eastern religions and impudently age fads in Australian society.Migration has led to an increase in the number of religious adherents in non-Christian faiths such as Buddhism, Sikhism, Taoism and Hinduism. Hinduism has grown exponentially since 1911 at 189%, followed by Islam at 69%, and Buddhism at 48%. Atheism or citizens who have no revealed any religious affiliation has advancen due to scientific advancem ent, rise of secularism, immigration and births. Along with this there is renewed interest in and awareness of Indigenous spirituality.Due to the pluralistic, multicultural, multi-religious society of Australia, multi-faith conference is important for the cohesion and harmony of Australian society. sometimes tensions between religious traditions or against a particular religion result in violence or discrimination. To illustrate this point, ignorant and prejudiced media portrayals of Muslims have boost anti-Islamic attitudes and stereotypes despite the stayful religious teachings of the Koran. Dr Ameer Ali (President of Australian Federation of Islamic Councils) cleard that religious dialogue was essential to understand each other.Similarly, Archbishop George Pell believes that interfaith dialogue essential be established to maintain authenticly peaceful relationships before potential hostilities have a chance to escalate. In 1964, Pope capital of Minnesota VI recognised the need for interfaith communication, stating that We do not wish to turn a blind eye to the spiritual and moral values of the divers(a) non-Christian religions, for we desire to join with them in promoting and defending parkland ideals in the spheres of religious liberty, human brotherhood, education, culture, social welfare, and civic order.Dialogue is possible in all these great projects, which are our concern as much as theirs and we will not fail to offer opportunities for discussion in the event of such an offer being favorably received in genuine, mutual respect. We readily accept the principle of stressing what we all have in common rather than what divides us. This provides a good and fruitful root word for our dialogue, and we are prepared to engage upon it with a will. Multi-faith dialogue assists in keeping peace and social unity in society, especially with organisations such as the NSW Council of Christians and Jews who recognise their common heritage in order to promote understanding and combat anti-Semitism. They organise activities that include an annual Passover demonstration directed to non-Jewish audiences, panel discussions and seminars on current subjects of interest, multi-denominational evenings for poetry and music, Holocaust education and an annual Christian commemorative service for the Holocaust held in the crypt of St Marys Roman Catholic Cathedral.Along with interfaith dialogue between Christians and Jews, the NSW Council of Christians and Jews also seek to broaden the interfaith relations with Islam in particular. Some gone interfaith activities in Australia include the 2001 Anzac Day service at St. Marys Cathedral for Buddhist Monks and Christian Ministers, Centenary of Federation celebrations in Melbourne, Prayer services at Martin Place by the Muslim-Christian Council for peace in Indonesia, Prayer services for September 11, Asian Boxing Day Tsunami and Bali bombings.As Dr Gerard Hall says, in the current global world, our nati onal identities in no way preclude our responsibilities for the well-being of all humanity and the one earth we share. This statement is illustrated by a number of international councils, one being the World concourse on Religion and Peace an international council founded by the Buddhist Nichiko Niwano in 1970 that organises bi-annual Heads of Faith Meetings that are attended by the leaders of the Catholic, Protestant, Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, Jewish and Bahai faiths.The meetings conducted by the World Conference on Religion and Peace provide an opportunity for religious world leaders to exchange ideas and information and establish a working alliance between these religious traditions. The promotion of understanding and the education of interfaith co-operation assists in pursuing social justice issues, for example, Aboriginal reconciliation and rights. expiation is the cultivate whereby Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples move towards the future with a relationship based upon mutual recognition, understanding and respect.For this to happen there must be acknowledgement of past mistakes such as land dispossession and the stolen generation in order to make amends, such as restoring Native Title. propitiation is a long process which began with the 1967 referendum giving ATSI people the right to vote and the Commonwealth government the authority to make laws in the interest of ATSI people. Additionally, most churches have helped facilitate this reconciliation.The NCCA (National Council of Churches Australia) acknowledge that many of its member churches played a role in culmination of the stolen generations and issued a public statement on the Bringing Them home plate report making recommendations in support of Reconciliation. The Week of Prayer for Reconciliation began in 1993 with the goal of providing an interfaith week of prayer encompassing all faiths with the common goal of reconciliation. It is to devote time to prayer, thought and reflection on the soul of a nation and the relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.Attempts at reconciliation by various religious denominations have helped to bring out acceptance of the synchronization of Christian and Aboriginal religious traditions as an example many Aboriginal clergy curb Indigenous symbols and rituals from their own culture to express Christian concepts such as using Indigenous coconut milk instead of wine and damper or yam instead of bread, Christian stories are often retold with an Indigenous slant (instead of fire, they talk about fire sticks), red ochre is used instead of ashes/ rock oil on the forehead and prayers are told in Indigenous languages.Many Christian churches incorporate Aboriginal Ministries and Aboriginal Spirituality into services, particularly Protestant churches though many people feel that incorporating Aboriginal beliefs into Christianity degrades both. Critics claim th at Self-determination is now replaced with Main-Streaming. Practical Reconciliation is now the term used rather than a real acknowledgement of past wrongs.The Catholic Church has also made many positive overtures towards Reconciliation starting with Pope John Paul IIs visit to Alice Springs in 1986 who stated that there is the need for just and proper settlement that lies unachieved in Australia Pope Benedicts recent address to Australia encouraged ongoing service for Reconciliation. In 1998 the Catholic church joined with other churches to issues a statement called Towards Reconciliation in Australian Society Reconciliation and Aboriginal Australians.They also pressured for to a greater extent assistance for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders due to the ongoing psychological trauma of the Protection and Assimilation policies. National Reconciliation Week is a week of Catholic initiatives promoting reconciliation with emphasis on Aboriginal health. Other Christian churches involved in Reconciliation include the Anglican Church who expressed its support for Reconciliation during 1998. It also provides funding to National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Ecumenical Commission (NATSIEC) that assists in rebuilding Indigenous communities.Anglicare Australia and the Anglican Board of Missionaries make the Anglican Reconciliation Working Group which provides accommodation, health care, family support for Indigenous communities and helps fund training of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. The Ecumenical movement conjugation Church formed a Uniting Aboriginal and Islander Christian Congress in Townsville that works with Indigenous people to promote compensation and healing for past wrongs. The Uniting Church National Assembly has also made a formal apology for its part in the harmful policies in the past and a inscription to a better future.Christian leaders and leaders from other religious faiths united in rejecting the Howard Governments attemp ts to weaken the Wik legislation. Their conviction no doubt assisted in changing opinions and rallying support for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander rights. Interfaith dialogue especially between Dreaming and Christianity illustrate the importance of multi-faith communication. There are, however, limitations of interfaith dialogue as critics believe there are important differences between faiths that cannot be overlooked.There is also controversy that religions are trying to change and tense their religious beliefs to attempt to reconcile with other religions. Despite the criticisms of interfaith dialogue it still plays an essential role in Australian society to maintain peace and social cohesion. 1 . The Importance of Inter-faith Cooperation available from http//www. buddhistinformation. com/importance_of_inter_faith_cooperation. htm 2 . Pope John Paul IIs public statement at Alice Springs, 1986 available from http//www. austlii. edu. au/au/orgs/car/docrec/relevant/docbook/ p7. htm

Inclusive Learning – Ptlls

Unit 009 Understanding inclusive instruction and pick uping in lifelong learning I currently teach yoga to adults at the level of beginners, I have been teach yoga classes for the past eighteen months. I have another year of study to undertake on the British Wheel of Yoga Diploma. My typical class sizes ideally should be between seven and fifteen savants. Unfortunately I did not have enough students for my adult bringing up course to run last term.My ideal yoga class would be ninety minutes in length as this allows for adequate time to settle the class, fleshly posture work, pranayama (breathing control) and finally tease apartation and reflection at the end of the session. Whilst I wouldnt ordinarily use ice breakers when doctrine a somatogenic practice, I can definitely inflict the benefits of using them if I was teaching a workshop or session which involved academic type of learning such as ancient yoga philosophy, kriyas (cleansing techniques) or understanding the chakr a system.During this course we have learned that ice breakers argon a good way to relax people and breakdown the barriers to learning and are best used at the start of the course. (1. 1) At the start of a term I do puddle some ground rules with my students. As its a yoga class these rules usually centre around what is appropriate clothing, practicing in barefoot on a adapted mat, not eating a heavy meal before class, turning off mobile phones and discussion around working within their own forcible capabilities.Before undertaking this PTLLS course I did not understanding this information exchange to be ground rules. However I can now clearly see that these are indeed ground rules. They serve as a means of guiding the student through what is expected of them and making the class a well(p) lace to learn. (Daines et al 1993) suggest that people will learn best they feel secure and can try things out safely. (1. 2)My main style of teaching is to offer a theme to the class and interwe ave that theme to promote learning in the students as well as them performing the physical postures and reside control techniques. It is safe to say that the main strategy is to demonstrate the postures and then lead the students in active learning in the form of them practicing the postures. I do circulate around the class and offer adjustments and positive feedback where appropriate.Whilst some students are well practiced in yoga others may need extra tuition. This can be done in a way that allows for differentiation a simple and classic way is by layering the way a posture is taught. This style of teaching ensures that everyone in the class can achieve something in a posture. It also ensures that the more advanced students feel challenged by the class. The methods which I commonly use are tutor led demonstration, verbal instructions and handouts.These different methods of teaching are aimed at meeting the needs of the different styles of learners, thereby ensuring the maximum am ount of student participation in the lesson. (Spillman 1991 p30) The key to differentiated curriculum is the flexible use by teachers of a wide range of activities and lesson organizations. (1. 3) (Word count 529) References Daines et al. (1993) bountiful Teaching Adult Learning. Continuing Education Press Nottingham Spillman,J. (1991) Differentiation An approach to Teaching and Learning. Pearson Publishing Cambridge

Characteristics of Internet delivery services Essay

What are the characteristics of services that will be to the highest degree appropriate for internet delivery? lucre service can be provided through telephone lines .Internet connection speed can generally be divided into two categories dialup and broadbandCharacteristics of the InternetThe characteristics of the Internet that affect its usefulness in service can be divided broadly into instruction and Connectivity. The advantages arise from the Internets enormous capacity to link participants with information and with each other. The entropy and Connectivity of the Internet have unique characteristicsInformationInformation on the Internet is multimediacapable of having coloured images, sound and video. These can be expensive to produce, just increasingly there are open sources of these types of content that are free of charge. Once produced, the price of distribution of the information is nominal compared to that of producing hard-copy books, CDs and films.Information on the In ternet can be hyperlinked. This permits both tutors and learners to assemble large bodies of information from a wide variety of sources without actually having to store the information in one attribute e.g., on paper or a hard disk. Hyperlinks within information on the Internet enables users to find or cite additional sources of pertinent information.Information on the Internet is awaitable. Search engines such as Google enable users to find information on every imaginable topic.Intelligent agents can be programmed to search the Internet for particular information and inform the user of the existence and location of that information. In fact, these agents can harvest pertinent information and deliver it to the users desktop.Information on the Internet originates from world-wide sources. Users are no longer limited to the library, gallery, museum or video or record store in their locale.Connectivity Probably the most powerful characteristic.

Barriers of Dell

For dingle Company to achieve its organizational phylogeny and change it requires several things to be done. Without which the caller-out will not be in a position to achieve its set goals. Anything that will block the high society from attaining its objective of organizational development will be a parapet to its development. in that respect atomic number 18 many barriers to organization development and they vary from organization to organization. All the processes that are involved in the organizational development require funds.The initial spot of the organizational development involves analysis and look so as to establish the most likely problem the company is going through. Every part of this research will involve money, for example the materials used in the research, the hired manpower to carry out the research. The organization therefore needs money to have both this recommendations be work throughed. Before dingle coming up with an idea of making simple machine to his customers he had to make a research so as to establish the level at which his customers could operate his machines.Establishing a channel by which dingle could get feedback required funds. According to consumer channels feed back (2009) Dell was to use the modern engine room in his management. The reward with this modern communication was its efficiency in terms of time and accuracy. Despite its efficiency this technology requires a lot of initial capital to install it. This means that the company needs a lot of funds so as to divide using this technology in its management. Without this money the company can not establish good feedback to its customers.Therefore in case the money from Dell Companys returns goes down thence it will imply that he will not be in a position to establish these channels. In this case funds become barrier to his organizational development. Dell has as tried as much as possible to lose weight the number of middlemen in his chain of distribution. H e has an intension of reduce the cost of his product in doing so. But this can also become a barrier to his development. The reason for middlemen is to increase the rate of exchange of goods and services at the ground level.Without them some of the areas will never be reached hence the consumers coverage area will be small as compared to his competitors. It is through this channel that he can understand his customers fully hence without these middlemen it can be impossible to understand some of his customers. The idea of reducing the middlemen therefore can be a barrier to the development of Dell Company. Dell correct a lot of interest in his customer he produces machines that are demanded by his customers. Foxall, G. (2005.) Understanding consumers is the lynchpin to winning them. This means that a lot of his goods and service are done on demand instead of innovation. This can become a barrier specially in this era of technical advancement and development. He should stop produci ng goods on demand and come up with raw skills that will lead to invention of new machines that are more efficient than the ones he produced later. This will help him have a competitive advantage over his competitors. Dell was also ensuring that his goods gain an advantage over the other competitors.To do this he was making sure that he reduces the number of hands during the manufacturing process. This can become a barrier to the organizational development since it will reduce the out put of the firm. When less people are working the out put will be low and hence the company will have low incomes. Before any progress is noticed the actors in the organization must own the recommendations, if they fail to own them it becomes hard to implement them, Dell to not have any strategy that looks at the needs of the workers.When the company encounters this problem then it becomes a barrier to its organizational development. This company has put a lot of emphasis on the completive strategy. T here is nothing put in place so as to look at the workers within the company. Since they are the ones to implement the ideas of Dell they may be barriers to the development of the company. The strategy of global consultancy can become barrier to Dells development. This will expose this company to may companys that manufacture the some goods and service to Dell company.Some of this companies can steal the skills used by Dell in its manufacture and start produce a replica of Dell machine in their own names and hence establishing new competitors that will reduce the market command to Dell company. As this company workers interacts with the other foreign company they may start to demand some favors that are given to workers of other countries. When this favors are beyond Dells or to expensive for him then this becomes a barrier to his development.In some cases such worker may even transfer to other companies with also the technological skill acquired in Dell Company hence becoming a big treat to Dell. Schiff man, L. G. (1993), explains that worker behavior is influence by other worker in their environment Reference Foxall, G. (2005. ) Understanding Consumer Choice. Baingstoke. Palgrave Macmillian. Schiffman, L. G. (1993), Understanding Workers Consumer Behavior, Prentice Hall International, London. http//www. allbusiness. com/marketing-advertising/marketing-advertising/5504141-1. html

Pakistan: Recent Economic Developments and Future Prospects

Most of the news emanating ab give away Pakistan in the Western media relate to terrorism, bomb blasts, Islamic fundamentalism, nuclear non proliferation, military rule etc. Seldom does iodine see a positive story appearing approximately Pakistans remarkable economical turnaround. But the fact of the matter is that despite much(prenominal) proscribe image Pakistan is maven of the favored destinations for foreign deport investment. Foreign direct investment flows piddle surged by 95 perpenny during July February 2007 and ar expected to opinion $ 5 trillion or 3. percent of gross domestic product several times higher than FDI flows to our large neighbor in relative terms.Pakistans transnational vex issues and equity floatations through GDRs hand been consistently oversubscribed and argon equipment casualtyd at fine margins. Standard Chartered intrust has made acquisition of a home(prenominal) private bank for around half a billion dollars. mainland China Mobile the largest mobile company in terms of subscriber base has bought out majority shareholding in one of the topical anaesthetic cellular phone companies for over $ 400 millions.Philip and Morris has shiped into an agreement to purchase 50. 2 percent shares of the second largest Cigarettes Manufacturing Company of Pakistan for US 339 million. A number of otherwise similar mergers and acquisitions are in the pipeline. 2. What is that inspite of such adverse ordinaryity, perceived security risk and travel advisories the global investors, fund managers and international financial institutions from the United States, Europe, East Asia and Middle East all(prenominal) look upon Pakistan favorably and carry such tremendous amount of confidence in the economy.Sophisticated investors from all over the world are allow foring to purchase billion of dollars of sovereign paper issued by Pakistan for 30 year duration. thither must be closething in good order the country ought to be doing wh ich fails to reach the radar screen of the popular and extremely influential western media. 3. As an international development economist I offer venture a number of reasons for this apparently highly paradoxical situation. First of all, Pakistan is a country of 160 million people which is growing at an ordinary proceeds dictate of 6-7 percent for the last five old age.Thirty million Pakistanis earning $ 10,000 $ 15,000 (PPP terms) constitute a large and sohat market for purchase of goods and services of all kinds. There are very few markets except China, India and Indonesia that are belowpinned by the size and scale that the fast growing Pakistani nub class offers. Projections show that if the on-going growth A paper presented at the IPRI-RUSI Conference on Pakistan St locategic Challenges & Prospects At Royal United Service Institute London on April, 17 2007 ates are attained for the next ten years, Pakistans per capita income depart double in real terms by 2020. At that time the size of the middle class will rise to 50 million enjoying purchasing power incomes of average $ 30,000 equivalent to those of some(a) of the European countries today. Goldman Sachs has placed Pakistan in the next football team category of largest economies among developing countries for its long term projection. The requirements of energy, infrastructure, goods and services of these 50 million will have to be met at world class standards.Multinational firms and holders of with child(p) with inordinateness liquidity, eyeing these prospects in emerging countries and feeling saturation in advanced economies, are rethinking their strategies and repositioning themselves. Pakistan along with other Asian countries is one of the beneficiaries of this strategy. The changing demographics of a novel universe and labor force in Pakistan staring against the stark reality of ageing population in Europe, Japan, and US and after a while China reinforce these promising prospects for th e future.Of course, none of this will be either automatic or easy and good policies, good governance and good luck will be needed to realize this scenario. 4. Second, the economic achievement in terms of macroeconomic stableness, growth, poverty reduction and employment times has been stellar. Economic growth order have risen from 1. 8 percent in 2000/01 gradually to average 6 -7 percent a year in the last quartette years making Pakistan one of the fastest growing economy in the Asia region. For Pakistan these rates are not spectacular exactly a reversion to mean.The average growth rate of gross domestic product ver 50 year period of Pakistan has been 5. 2 percent per annum. Manufacturing sector output growth was over 15 percent, exports have doubled in US dollar terms in these five years, and an open trade regime has allowed imports from all over the world to triple. Tax revenues have risen by 14 percent a year diminution fiscal deficit which used to average 7 percent a year i n the nineties to average 4 percent. Current account turned around from chronic deficit to a surplus for three successive years mainly referable to renewed export growth and resurgence of workers remittances.Although it has become negative since 2005/06 collectible to phenomenonal growth in imports of machinery and equipment and increase in world petroleum prices it is beness full financed by foreign chief city flows. Inflation rate during the first four years of the current political science sticked below 4 percent but cover price pass through and food shortages have led to 8 percent on average since 2004-05. External debt burden has been halved from 52% to 26% of gross domestic product and is projected to be on a declining path.The countrys capacity to service its debt has considerably meliorate as debt servicing ratio which used to give the sack almost 60 percent of public revenues is now down to 28 percent. Poverty incidence has fallen from 34 percent to 24 percent and unemployment rate is down to 6. 5 percent from 8. 4 percent. These movements are in the right direction but they are not acceptable as one in any fourth Pakistani is sedate living below the poverty line. Table-I summarizes the changes in the key economic indicators between October 1999 and June 2006. 5.Third, the basic premise of polity sort out agenda was that macroeconomic stability will remain short lived if it was not accompanied by structural reforms to remove microeconomic distortions and by bringing about improvement in economic governance. Pakistan has successfully use the first generation of structural reforms that have made the economy more efficient and resilient to feel unanticipated exogenous shocks. The main thrust of these reforms was to allow greater unaffectionatedom to the private sector to own, produce, distribute and trade goods and services while gradually withdrawing the public sector from this arena.The promotion of public private plowsharenership in large infrastructure projects as a policy initiative is likely to overcome some of the problems that are inherent in private infrastructure projects at the same time easing the financing constraints faced by the public sector. The role of the carry in Pakistan has been redefined as a facilitator, enabler, protecter and regulator rather than directly managing and presiding over the commanding heights of the economy. establishment intervention is justified for social protection of the poor, training of public goods or when there is a clear part of market failure i. externalities, imperfect market structure etc.6. Fourth, Pakistan occupies a key strategic lieu that links India with Iran, Afghanistan and the Central Asian States, provides access to sea for land locked countries of Central Asia, Afghanistan and Western China, acts as the energy and transit corridor and opens up to the oil rich disconnection States next portal. This strategic location alongwith the completed and ne w investments in ports, highways, pipelines, etc. will throw up vast new opportunities that fundament be highly attractive.Risk-return relationship in these projects is highly favorable and a number of foreign firms are keen to take the first mover advantage by locating their investment particularly in Gawadar port area. 7. Leaving aside the current situation that I have described I would like to address deuce strategic brains this afternoon that agitate the minds of all potential investors and businessmen domestic or foreign in respect to Pakistan. First whether the stability and growth that have so far been achieved will prove to be transitory in nature or will be sustained over time.Second, a question that has attracted a lot of attention is whether the family line 11,2001 events have much to do with the economic turn around of Pakistan or whether the changes are more fundamental. To examine these both questions we have to look at the strength of economic policies, depth of structural reforms and the quality of economic governance. Before addressing these two questions let me make two broader points to lap the context for our subsequent discussion. SUSTAINABILITY OF GROWTH .It should be reiterated that widespread economic reforms in Pakistan were initiated in 1991 by the Nawaz Sharif Government, continued under the Benazir Bhutto Government and further intensified and implemented under the Musharraf Government. Thus there should be no doubt in any bodys mind that the major direction of economic policies being pursued in Pakistan presently enjoys wide political consensus and support among all the leading political parties of Pakistan.The underlying philosophy that the Government should not be in the business of running businesses but regulating the markets and laying down the enabling policy framework has been demonstrably practised by all the successive governments in the past. Deregulation, liberalization, privatization and private sector led devel opment have been consistently followed for the last 16 years, and there is very little doubt in my mind, that these will remain the pillars of future economic policy in Pakistan irrespective of which political party assumes power.Of course, there will be differences in approaches, tactics and nuances, episodes of point scoring, distancing from the specific minutes of the previous governments, coming up with new modalities but the substance and thrust of economic policies will remain the same and transcend partisan politics. 9. The second important point that should be kept in mind is that Pakistan has a long, uninterrupted history of an open, non-discriminatory and liberal foreign investment regime. The Government of Mr. Z. A.Bhutto in early mid-seventies nationalized domestic manufacturing industry, banks and insurance companies but did not touch foreign investment. Not only that the risks of expropriation and transfer are almost zero the level playing handle that is afforded to foreign investors is unparalleled in developing world. This is a deliberate policy measure as Pakistan is squeezed between two economic giants China and India and we endnot afford to have the same bar on the entry of foreign investors as our great neighbors have placed.We have to be much more accommodating and keep the door wide open to allow foreign investors to help our economy by bringing in capital, managerial skills, transfer of technology and integration into global markets. This policy of liberal foreign investment regime is solidly grounded in the political ethos and economic imperatives of Pakistan. 10. Now let me take up as to how a faction of strong economic policies, structural reforms economic governance and good luck has changed the economic landscape of Pakistan in many fundamental ways. Strength of economic policies 11.The flagellum of Pakistans economic problems stemmed from fiscal indiscipline over a ten-spot that plunged Pakistan into a debt trap. This roo t cause had therefore to be surgically remove so that the likelihood of its further recurrence in the future is minimized A Fiscal Responsibility Law has been approved by the Parliament, which keeps a lid on the future governments propensity to borrow their way out. Debt / GDP ratio has to be reduced by 2. 5 percentage points each year and the Debt/ GDP ratio cannot exceed 60 percent. Any deviation has to be explained to the Parliament and need its approval.This law will hopefully act as a major restraint on fiscal recklessness in the future. 12. Monetary policy is now operated by an independent central bank keeping the fair game of price stability, financial stability and growth in mind. Although it involves a fine balancing act and inflationary pressures have surfaced during the last two years the Central wedge is committed to pursue a monetary policy that keeps inflation under control. Indirect market- based policy instruments have replaced credit ceilings, caps on get and i mpart rates, preferential treatment to government and directed credit to priority sectors.Interest rates and exchange rates are market determined and credit allocation decisions are made by the individual banks based on objective criteria but guided by prudential regulations. 13. External debt instruction policy was focused on (a) reprofiling of the stock of positive bilateral debt, (b) substituting concessional loanwords for non-concessional from international financial institutions, (c) pre-paying expensive loans and (d) liquidating short term liabilities.Debt ratio has thus been reduced from 100 percent of GDP to 56 percent in five years time. This restructuring of debt has put Pakistan on a firm footing as the debt and debt servicing ratios are on a declining path. This has provided scope and enlarged the capacity of the country to meet all its future foreign exchange liabilities and obligations without much difficulty. Credit worthiness indicators have all ameliorate and Pak istan is no longer that vulnerable to external shocks as it was in 1998 at the time of the nuclear tests. 14.Trade policy in Pakistan has been categorized by the World coin bank as one of the least restrictive in South Asia along with Sri Lanka and this policy has gradually provided incentives to exporters to increase their market share in the global markets. exchange rate policy is pursued to maintain stability in the foreign exchange markets while at the same time keeping the militantness of Pakistani exports intact. Large accumulation of foreign reserves played an important role in stabilizing the exchange rate and cushioning the economy from the adverse and garbled exogenous disturbances. hotshot of the tests that the country successfully met in the last two years was to absorb the oil price hike from $ 25/ lay to $ 75/ barrel without any serious dislocation of economic activity or any loss of foreign reserves. Five years ago if this escalation had happened the exchange rate would have tumbled and inflation rate would have hit double digits. 15. Pakistan has likewise made significant efforts in unilaterally liberalizing its trade regime since the 1990s. The maximum tariff rate has declinationd from 225 percent in 1990-1 to 25 percent the average tariff rate stands at just 9 percent compared to 65 percent a decade ago.The number of duty slabs has also been reduced to four. Quantitative import restrictions have been eliminated except those relating to security, health, public morals, religious and cultural concerns. The statutory orders that exempted certain industries from import duties or provided selective concessions to privileged individual firms have been phased out and import duties on 4,000 items were reduced. Protection to domestic industry is no longer a policy objective and a uniform, across the board, transparent regulatory regime with level playing field has been put in place.These measures have brought down effective rate of protection, e liminated the anti-export influence and promoted competitive and efficient industries. A number of laws have also been promulgated to bring the trade regime in conformity with World Trade validation regulations. These include anti-dumping and countervailing measures and protection of intellectual property rights. This unilateral opening up to global trade has benefited the domestic firms in improving their efficiency and making themselves competitive.STRUCTURAL REFORMS 16. It was agnise by the policy makers that stability will remain elusive and short lived if it was not accompanied by structural reforms to remove micro economic distortions and by bringing about improvement in economic governance. Concurrently with the debt restructuring, the country embarked on the fiscal policy reforms and consolidation by raising honor revenues, reducing expenditures, cutting down subsidies of all kinds and containing the losses of public enterprises.Tax reforms were undertaken to widen tax base, remove direct contact between tax payers and tax collectors, introduce value-added tax as the major source of revenue, simplify tax administration and streng accordingly the capacity of the Central Board of Revenue. Although these reforms are still underway, the adoption of universal self-importance assessment followed by random audit of selected tax returns, automation and reorganization of the tax machinery have begun to help improve tax collection.Tax-GDP ratio in Pakistan is take down in comparison to other developing countries and has to be raised in the next five years to reach the average level of comparator countries. 17. As one of the sources of fiscal problems was the losses and inefficiencies of public enterprises the Musharraf Government actively pursued an aggressive privatization plan whose thrust was sale of assets in the oil and gas industry as well as in the banking, telecommunications and energy sectors, to strategic investors, with foreign investors encoura ged to participate in the privatization process.Pakistans record on privatization since 1991 has been impressive but the transactions completed in the last few years have yielded $ 3 billion stopping the hemorrhaging of public finances that were used to underwrite the losses of these enterprises. These privatized banks are now contributing substantial sums to the national exchequer as they have all become profitable. 18. As Pakistan would continue to rely on foreign capital flows for augmenting its domestic savings it had to demonstrate its seriousness in encouraging foreign investment.There has been a major and perceptible liberalization of the foreign exchange regime. Foreign investors can set up their business in Pakistan in any sector of the economy agriculture, manufacturing real estate, retail trade, services, banking etc. , bring in and take arse their capital, remit profits, dividends, royalties and fees etc. , without any prior approvals. Foreign companies are allowed to raise funds from domestic banks and capital markets.They are treated equally with national firms in all respects and can bring in expatriate staff to run their businesses. 19. Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPI) can also enter and exit the market freely without any restrictions or prior approvals. In the Karachi Stock Exchange with a market capitalization of US$50 billion and over 650 listed companies corporate lucre were on average in 20-25 percent range much higher than those in most emerging countries. This makes Pakistan an attractive place to invest for foreign portfolio investors too.As part of this liberalization, non-residents and residents are allowed to maintain and operate foreign currency deposit accounts, and a market-based exchange rate in the inter-bank market is at work. 20. Financial sector reforms in Pakistan were also initiated early in the 1990s when new banking licenses were granted to private domestic banks to set up their shops along with the nationalized comm ercial banks and foreign banks. Although these reforms were implemented with fits and start, they were accelerate since 1997.The Central beach was granted autonomy and the control of the Ministry of Finance over banking institutions was diluted. More deep rooted reforms were undertaken since 1999 when net non-performing loans of the banking system were brought down to less than 3 percent of heart and soul advances and loans, minimum capital requirements were raised to $100 million, the quality of new loans was improved, mergers and consolidation of financial institutions eliminated a number of weaker players and the range of products and services offered by the banks was widened.But the most crucial policy action taken by the Government, in my view, was the privatization of Habib Bank, United Bank, and Allied Bank three large nationalized commercial banks of the country. As a result of these reforms, the share of the private sector ownership of the banking assets has risen to 80 percent and the banking sector is facing a healthy but strong competitive environment. The banks are highly profitable and the average lending rates have declined considerably as automation, on-line banking and multiple channels of delivery have improved the efficiency of services in response to market competition.1. Agriculture credit, SME financing, consumer loans and microcredit have become mainstream products of the banking industry and the borrower base of the banking system has multiplied from 1 million to 4 million households. The middle and lower middle class which had been completely shut off from access to banking services are now enjoying car loans, mortgages, credit cards, consumer durables. gloomy farmers are using bank credit for buying chemical fertilizers, certified seeds, insecticides, blue implements and hiring tractor services.Small and medium entrepreneurs are expanding their fabrication and manufacturing capacities and upgrading technology. Landless labor and poor women in the rural areas are receiving loans for poultry, small livestock, sewing machines, etc. The main beneficiaries of these reforms are the customers of financial services although it must be recognized that market determined deposit rates have also declined significantly. But as the lending rates are surging upwards, deposit rates are also going to bear witness an upward movement with time lag.The outreach of banking sector is still very sparse outside the urban areas and has to be extended to cover at least 50 percent of rural households if any meaningful results are to be achieved in poverty reduction and urban rural income inequalities. 22. Deregulation of oil and gas, telecommunication and gracious aviation sectors have also brought about significant positive results. Oil and gas exploration activity has stepped up in recent years and constant discovery and production from new gas fields operated by private sector companies have added new capacity to meet the grow ing energy necessarily of the country.Independent power producers both domestic and foreign private companies have played a critical role in filling in electricity generation requirements of Pakistan since 1996. Telecommunication has witnessed a boom since the private sector companies were allowed licenses to operate cellular phones. One million new cellular phone connections are being added every month and the number of phones has already reached about 50 million or a penetration rate of almost 33 percent.Long distance international and topical anesthetic loop monopoly of Pakistan Telecommunications Corporation has been broken and new licenses including for wireless local loop have been issued. The customers are reaping rich dividends as the prices of phone calls local, long distance, international are currently only a fraction of the previous rates. One of the advantages of privatization of the state monopoly, i. e. , the PTCL would be felt in form of higher bandwidth penetr ation that has lagged behind other Asian countries. Economic Governance 23.The most significant shift introduced by the military government is in promoting good economic governance although we have still a long way to go. The reforms in some of the most important federal institutions the Central Board of Revenue (CBR), Securities and Exchange Commission (SECP), the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) and Pakistan Railways initiated some years ago are already beginning to take some hold and making a difference as far as governance is concerned. Discretionary powers have been significantly curtailed but corruption at lower echelons of the Government is still widely rampant.Freedom of press and access to information has had a salutary effect on the behaviour of decision makers but this has not trickled down to the lower bureaucracy yet where implementation of the policies takes place. The post 2003 period has witnessed some decline in the Transparency International ratings of Pakistan comp ared to the 1999-2002 period. 24. The cornerstone of the governance agenda is the devolution plan which transfers powers and responsibilities, including those related to social services from the federal and provincial governments to local levels.This plan was put into effect in 2001. The main premise of the devolution plan is the belief that development effort at the local level should be driven by priorities set by elected local representatives, as opposed to bureaucrats sitting in provincial and federal capitals. Devolution of power will thus strengthen governance by increasing decentralization, de-concentration, accountability and peoples participation in their local affairs. However, in the meanwhile the transition has created its own set of dislocations and disruptions in the delivery of services that need to be addressed. 25.Other essential ingredients for improving economic governance are the separation of policy and regulatory functions which were earlier combined inwardly the ministry. Regulatory agencies have been set up for economic activities such as banking, finance, aviation, telecommunications, power, oil, gas etc. The regulatory structures are now independent of the ministry and enjoy quasijudicial powers. The prexy and Board members enjoy security of tenure and cannot be arbitrarily removed. They are not answerable to any executive authority and hold public hearings and consultations with stakeholders. 6. The internal Accountability Bureau (NAB) has been functioning quite an effectively for the last five years as the main anti-corruption agency. A large number of high government officials, politicians and businessmen were sentenced to prison, subjected to heavy fines and disqualified from holding public office for twenty-one years on charges of corruption after conviction in the courts of law. Major loan and tax defaulters were also investigated, prosecuted and forced to repay their overdue loans and taxes. 27.Civil service reforms aimed a t improving recruitment, training, performance management, career progression, right sizing of ministries and attached departments, and improving compensation for government employees are part of the second generation reforms of the government for building strong institutions in the country. Proposals have been developed to depoliticize recruitment, promotions and career development, enhance the independence and responsibilities of the federal Public Service Commission (FPSC) and systematically introduce merit based recruitment and promotions.The Civil Service Act has to be amended to reflect performance based career progression enabling the government to reward efficient and competent civil servants. The public sector educational training infrastructure is also being restructured to strengthen skill based training of civil servants at all levels. These are highly demanding reforms and a consensus has to be built among the stakeholders before they can be accepted and implemented. 28. Reforms in access to justice, under implementation since 2001 will deal with delays in the provision of justice, case management, automation, and court formation systems.In addition, human resources, management information systems and the infrastructure supporting judicial system are being revamped and upgraded. Small Causes Courts have been established to provide relief to the poor who have small claims. Alternate Dispute Resolution mechanisms have proved to be successful in bringing expeditious disposal of commercial and tax disputes and are being replicated for wider application. IMPACT OF SEPTEMBER 11 EVENTS. 29.A large number of observers and casual empiricists both within and outside Pakistan have been making bold but untested assurance that it is the massive aid flows and debt relief resulting from Pakistans participation in the war against terror after September 11, 2001 that has been responsible for the large reserve accumulation and economic turnaround. It is true tha t September 11 did help in diverting workers remittances from open market to inter bank, in providing some debt relief and new loans and grants, in removing official sanctions, but there were also huge costs incurred by Pakistan.Export orders of more than $1 billion were cancelled. Visits by foreign buyers were suspended and are still avoided due to travel advisory, higher war risk premium was charged on freight and insurance premiums were raised. 30. The data presented in Table-II shows that even if we assume the extreme case that all official transfers, debt relief and all foreign loans/ credits represent the gift of September 11 to Pakistan, this combined amount represents only 8. 5% of total Foreign Exchange Earnings of the Country in FY-06.At its peak in FY-02, this amount was 21. 6%. But this entire amount is not a direct fall out of September 11 because Pakistan has been receiving foreign loans and grants every year since the 1950s. For example, in FY-00 and FY-01, the two ye ars prior to September 11, we received 16 per cent and 19. 9% of Foreign Exchange Earnings in form of foreign loans and grants. The country had a positive overall balance and positive current and capital account balances in FY 2000-01 much before September 11, 2001 occurred.Even in FY 1999-00 the deficit on overall balance was quite small less than 1% of GDP. Pakistans reserves had started accumulating in FY 2000-01 and SBPs own reserves had almost doubled after paying off foreign currency deposits of almost $1. 7 billion to the non-resident and institutional holders and $. 2. 8 billion in debt servicing to external creditors. Thus, this perception that every thing good that has happened to the country is a direct consequence of September 11 is not only incorrect but highly exaggerated for the reasons described below. 1. It should be recognized that any external financial relief such as provided in the aftermath of Sept 11 would dissipate quickly and thus remain temporary and transi tory in nature until it is accompanied by fundamental structural reforms that clean up the economic landscape, unshackle the entrepreneurial energies of private economic actors, lay the foundations for competitive markets under the vigilant eyes of regulators and expand the full-bodied and foreign exchange earning capacity of the country.As pointed out earlier unless the reforms of financial sector, liberalization of trade and tariff regime, improvement in tax policy and administration, deregulation of oil and gas and telecom sectors and privatization of state owned enterprises were put in place it would not have been possible to take advantage of the situation offered by Sept. 11 for its contribution to the dynamism of the economy and sustained growth during the last four years. 32.The data presented in Table-II clearly demonstrates that Pakistans foreign exchange earning capacity has expand from $ 15 billion annually to $ 40 billion during the last six years or 33% GDP from 20% o f GDP. Contrary to popular perception, it is the Pakistani businesses and nationals working abroad who provide the bulk of the foreign exchange earnings of the country. It is totally fallacious to argue that if the foreigners particularly Americans withdraw their financial assistance then the country will be in dire trouble.Less than $ 3. 5 billion are received through all types of foreign assistance while about $ 30 billion are generated by Pakistani businesses and nationals and the remaining amount accrues from foreign direct investment, privatization and international markets. If this pattern of foreign exchange earnings digest in the future the relative share of foreign assistance in form of grants or loans from United States, other friendly bilaterals and multilaterals will continue to decline and will become insignificant in the next 5-10 years. 3. In order to further evaluate the veracity of the assertions of the theory of dependence of our economy on the US, four key indica tors are selected (a) US assistance as percent of Pakistans total budgetary expenditure (b) US assistance as percent of Pakistans total foreign exchange receipts (c) US assistance as percent of total current account receipts of Pakistan and (d) US assistance as percent of total value of imports of Pakistan.These indicators have been carefully chosen to see as to how much damage will accrue to our balance of payments and fiscal accounts if the US for one reason or the other abruptly decides to withdraw its assistance of all types. 34. The results of this analysis shown in Table III indicate that even under the worst case scenario of zero aid flows and no reimbursements for logistics services rendered to the US troops the diminution in foreign exchange receipts or budgetary resources would be insignificant varying between 4. 5% of total foreign exchange receipts to 7. % of total budgetary expenditures. The other two indicators i. e. the proportions of total value of imports and curre nt account receipts financed by U. S. assistance account for 6. 4 % and 5. 8% respectively not worrisome amounts. 35. There is no doubt that the Government of Pakistan and the people of Pakistan do very much appreciate the financial and moral support demonstrated by the U. S Government at the critical consequence of Pakistans economy. Several other collateral benefits accrued to the economy as a result of the U.S bilateral debt forgiveness, strict scruntiny of remittances through informal channels, the US EXIM Bank and OPICs highly positive initiatives towards Pakistan and the withdrawl of all different types of economic sanctions. U. S Administration played a helpful role in ensuring larger lot of concessional assistance to Pakistan through the IMF, World Bank and Asian Development Bank. The prompt and generous response to the Earthquake of October 2005 by the U. S Government, private sector and on-governmental organizations leftfield a very favorable impressions in the minds o f Pakistanis. 36. US is an important trading and investment partner of Pakistan and we should continue to remain friends with this superpower. The purpose of this analysis is not to show that we care little for our friendly relations or do not cherish friendship with the Government or the people of the United States. As a matter of fact we should expand our relations with the United States in the areas of higher education, science and technology transfer, trade, investment and labor flows.We should also seek duty free market access for the products exported from the Reconstruction opportunity Zones (ROZs) in the Tribal areas as part of our joint strategy to provide economic benefits to the 3 million population living on the porous border with Afghanistan. But the main argument of this analysis is that the pundits in the US who believe that they can use the leverage of US official aid to paralyze Pakistans economy are sadly mistaken as they have an exaggerated sense of the importance of these official flows.Any begin to impose conditions that impinge upon the sovereignty of Pakistan or conflict with our own national interests can be resisted without creating a serious dislocation to our macro economic stability or growth prospects. 37. Despite these reforms, Pakistan is facing many difficult challenges and will continue to face new unforeseen challenges. There is no room for complacency. One fourth of the population still lives below the poverty line.Human Development Indicators remain low as almost half of the population is illiterate, infant and maternal mortality rates are high, access to quality education and health care particularly by the poor is limited, income and regional inequalities are widespread, infrastructure shortages and deficiencies persist, skill shortages are taking a toll in the economys productivity while at the same time, there is high unemployment and underemployment. Most worrying to me is that Pakistans image abroad is quite negative .Foreigners are reluctant to visit Pakistan as they perceive the country to be a dangerous place. The worldwide preoccupation with the large economies of China and India and the ever-increasing quest to enter these markets is also working to the disadvantage of countries such as Pakistan. But the lesson we have learned is that there is no point in complaining and whining about this but to get on with the job, to work even harder, to overcome these deficiencies and constraints and to hope for the best.

Family Dynamics

Nick Vehlewald Mrs. Stotler English 110. 4 17 October 2012 Family Dynamics The way a family works has changed in the inhabit decade or both. Back when this generations p atomic number 18nts were kids and as yet when their parents were young, it is very different than young concourse today. A perfect example would be the television take supply it to Beaver, which aired in 1957. It was or so the Cleavers, an All American Family, trying to keep their youngest son Theodore Beaver out of trouble.He always finds his way into trouble, at the sack of the episode his parents always serve well him by giving him advice an good life lessons. That show represents how families were close and protected each other. Now, in the 21st century, many families and even communities are non as close. There are less family nights, and some kids do not even go to the parents for help or to talk to, and neighborhoods are neither as safe nor a community as they were, where kids will be playing outside and parents dont produce to stress about(predicate) the kids pass awayting hurt or lost.Kids rely on social media to express their feelings instead of talking to their parents on what is occurring in their life. One of the chief(prenominal) reasons of family destruction is divorce. self-collected research from Oregon State University states Divorces relieve oneself increased 22% since 1980 in the United States (23). Children did not have to deal with that in the past generations. That is the most paramount occurrence in society today. This did not happen before because divorce was not socially acceptable back then.Society used to believe that marriage was changeless and spouses were meant to stay together no matter the reason. The traditional family structure in the US is considered a family support system involving two married individuals providing financial aid and stableness for their biological offspring, however this type of family has become less prevalent, and other family forms have become relevant. In the television show Leave it to Beaver every show was family oriented. It was like watching a real family working through the trials and ribulations that every family will go through on a regular basis. What was different about this family than a real family was that everything always ended on a positive note, the mother and father solving or fixing the problem and helping their children. That did not always work in the real life. Some clock times fights will last a couple hours, days or weeks. People watching the show did not understand that concept. They see the Cleavers being able to work out similar problems but in their household it isnt that easy.So families and most part parents, would get frustrated and think that they are not a well functioning family. There are over 4600 traits and in a family, all traits are demo by the family members. Wherever you have chaos, someone else will have order. Wherever you have order, someone else will have chaos (1). This is just how a family works, you have to deal with each others differences and still love each and every member. Families have big issues with trying to be perfect, but they need to understand that individuals cannot expect their family to process and function like an artificial one.The biggest change in family dynamics in the past decades are, moms used to be at home cooking and cleaning doing the responsibilities around the house. That is not the case any more. Mothers are in the work force, doing their part for the family. Employment rate of woman since the 1950s has risen 74%, for full time jobs, and 29% part time jobs (1). This was never the case before, it was always the fathers job to work and make the money to provide for the family. It has changed drastically since WWII. In a study conducted by the Center for American Progress in 2010, only 27. percent of homes in the US had overseegiver. Compared to 1975 where more than half the homes had a care give r(32). The father figure has been affected so much that there are even stay-at-home dads now, where the mother would work and the father would take care of the domestic duties. Stay-at-home dads are fathers that do not participate in the labor market and raise their children. They are the male equivalent to housewives. This is not as popular in American society. There are estimated 105,000 stay-at-home dads in the US today. He would have been a disgrace to the workingman sixty years ago.The main reason for the advancement of mothers in society was womans goals have changed drastically. Shifting from the typical housewife that does the cooking, washing, and cleaning, to powerful women that are standing up for them and connection the male society in working for a living. Since then women have been making there way into the workforce, by proving themselves with valuable resource that will help them in every day life. There are a voluminous amount of jobs that women could do a lot bette r than a man because of what they cognise and the experiences they have had.For instance, making clothing, cooking in a restaurant, and money management. Women are changing the workforce, something that know one would have predicted. The men were always know as the breadwinners of the family but women are taking advantage of the women movement to become financially independent. Also others things have occurred in this day that have never been dealt with before. Same trip out marriage. This is something know one has seen before or had to deal with in the past decades.The common way was a man marries a woman they have children and run happily ever after. There was no such thing as gay marriage or partnerships between two men or two women. This is a huge difference then what the generations before us are used to. The changing times are moving to fast for some people and they can not get used to the idea of two men or two woman raising children. This changes the lives of the kids dra stically. They grow up thinking that they have two mommies or daddies and it is perfectly ok and normal, but what they do not know is that they are unique.They will grow up and have a total different perspective on life, from being raised in such a different family life. The kids will be very confused growing up in this world. Seeing all other kids with a mom and a dad and wondering why they are different. The children are discriminated against for having same sex parents. Nationally, 66% female couples, 44% males couples live with children under eighteen years of age (5). America needs to adapt to the changing times and understand it is not release to be the same as it used to be.

Fast food †Hamburger Essay

closely pabulum earth-closet be defined as any food that contributes bitty or no nutrient value to the diet, but instead provides spare calories and plummet. Nowa mean solar days, in that location be millions of true faceed food eaterys in the world that offers their costumers plenty of variant meals with a special price. Fast food can be a good way to save time ,but it is not the proper way for nutrition. Researchers build that eating fast food meals more than twice a week was associated with double the risk of vicarious glucose metabolism. Also, those products cause a great gain in weight and may cause many heart diseases.Burgers, cut-fries, cheeselike drinks are just a few examples of junk food. Fast food refer to any poor nutrition food that is easily prepared. Fast food may includes chips, hot pies ,pasties, sandwiches, burgers, croissants, kebabs, pizzas, chicken, soups, and salads. It also includes drinks, for instance, milkshakes, and soft drinks. ORIGIN OF FA ST-FOOD The fast in fast food is there for a reason. It is designed to serve the customer as quickly as possible. In order to do this, fast foods are highly svelte with jump outardized ingredients, cooking and production methods.History Indian fast food The fast food exertion in India has evolved with the changing lifestyles of the young Indian population. The sheer variety of gastronomic preferences across the regions, hereditary or acquired, has brought almost different modules across the country. Popular formats of fast food business in India have the quest features in putting green * Wide opening on the road side * Easy to master(prenominal)tain and fixed decor * A cash counter where food coupons are sold * A food manner of speaking counter which invariably is granite topped.Additional counters for Ice Creams, Chaats, Beverages and so on * A well fitted kitchen located so as to be visible to the customers * Tall tables, usually of stainless steel, where one can eat wh ile stand * A drinking water fountain adorned with a water filter * Rust-proof and non-breakable crockery forage courts Another concept of fast food that is becoming popular is that of Food Courts. It is like putting together a number of Darshinis serving different cuisines under one roof. Here also one has to buy coupons and collect the food from one of the several counters.Each one of these counters serves specific variety of food and may be owned by different individuals or caterers. Food Courts are normally located on much bigger premises and may provide seating facility in addition to the stand and eat arrangement. Typically one entrepreneur owns or takes on lease the entire premises and promotes the posture under one name. He then lets out individual counters to different independent operators to offer different menu. Internal competition is avoided by not allowing more than one counter to offer similar food.several(prenominal) international fast food arranges like Kentu cky Fried Chicken, McDonalds and Barista Coffee have their outlets in major cities. Cafe Coffee Day, again a brainchild of Bangalore based businessman, is the only Indian chain which boasts of hundreds of outlets and is present across India. But then it is classified more as a coffee keep going than a fast food place. Varieties of food offered The kind of food they offer as of date could be just anything and everything. Preference of the local population and the location of the outlet influence the menu more than anything else. near of the popular dishes offered at Indian fast food outlets are ( close preferred in Mumbai city) 1 vada pav 2 dosa 3samosa 4 pav bhaji 5 chat pani puri, ragda pattice, bhel etc. 6 sandwich 7 pizza 8 burger & chips 9Frankie & rolls 10 hot dogs etc.. Dis avails of Fast Food Although it is convenient, fast and tasty, the many disadvantages of fast food should deter people from indulging in eating this type of fare on a regular(a) basis. Unfortunately, mar keters cigaret the youngest of the population, enticing our next generation to eat unhealthful with dire consequences ahead of them.Fast food is a relatively new interference in our dietary habits, having only been popular for about the past 60 years. Coinciding with the rising popularity of the automobile, fast food restaurants are believed to have originated in California to take advantage of a growing population of mobile individuals. The preface of the industry was a sound one, and a overplus of businesses offering a diverse assortment of foods served quickly and with few frills soon emerged across the United States.The main principle behind fast food is that the food is served fast, hence the name. Eating on the run has get a familiar and all too convenient course in the busy lives of people in the United States. Whether the food is hamburgers, chicken, pizza, Mexican fare, fish or salads, there is generally something on the menu for all(prenominal) member of the family fo r a fraction of the cost of preparing it homemade. Added to these attributes is the fact that this food does indeed taste delicious.The disadvantages of fast food, however, greatly outnumber the convenience, availability and speed of the fare especially when the indulgence for the food occurs on a regular basis. Fat is probably the number one issue with fast food products. Considering the fact that the average human should have no more than 65 grams of fat each day, choosing a value meal at a fast food restaurant that includes a large hamburger, a large order of French fries and a beverage which combined contains at least 63 grams of fat is an obviously unhealthy choice for a meal.Unless each of the remaining two meals consumed that day were totally overleaping in fat, these numbers game would soon add up to extra unwanted pounds. Dont be fooled into thinking that a fish or chicken sandwich would be a better choice, even though these foods are touted as being healthy. Many of the fish and chicken offerings at a fast food restaurant have a higher fat content than is found in a hamburger purchased at the same joint when breaded and fried. The calories consumed in a fast food meal are equally as damaging to our health.Unless our energy output is greater than the calories we take in, our weight begins to edge up the scale. As excess fat accumulates on our frames, it begins to take a toll on our heart, blood pressure and blood sugar. Most kids need only 2,000 calories per day, while adults require even less. Yet just one fast food hamburger can carry up to 750 calories, not to mention the French fries which carry at least another 350 calories. More and more children are beginning their lives obese because of poor food choices and lack of exercise.Another disadvantage of fast food is the breakdown of family life. A family together in the kitchen, preparing dinner, is an opportunity to link up and communicate. Eating on the run means less time spent around the di nner table, where the days experiences are shared with other members of the family. Fast food is certainly an occasional fun treat, and there are healthy menu choices. Sadly, too many people visit too often, with unwholesome results and no-count habits setting the stage for health disasters for our young people. What is fast food and why is it so popular?Fast food is any food that is quick, convenient, and usually inexpensive. You can buy fast food just about anywhere that sells food and snacks. Vending machines, drive-thru restaurants, and 24 hour convenience stores are probably the most common places to find fast food. Its so popular because for under $5. 00 you can usually get a filling meal. However, fast food is inexpensive because it is usually made with cheaper ingredients such as high fat meat, refined grains, and added sugar and fats, instead of nutritious foods such as lean meats, fresh fruits, and vegetables.

Soldier X

Jacob Fair Mrs. Hazen English 3 2 December 2011 Soldier X Book decl atomic number 18 The book I read is Soldier X by Don Wulffson. The book is set in Germany and Russia during World War II. The story is told in first person from the point of view of Erik Brandt. The main character, Erik Brandt, is the champ and there isnt an antagonist because the book is about Eriks journey during World War II. The passage of arms throughout the book is Erik vs. society as an external conflict. I believe the conflict is resolved when Erik and Tamara are injured by allied soldiers.I think this because Erik and Tamara were both injured and put in a infirmary together outside the war. They are able to make up and run a substance to America and toss off a new life there together. I think one theme that was expressed in this book was that most success in life depends on keeping your mind open to hazard and seizing it when it happens. I think this is one theme of the book because Erik takes advantage of several Situations throughout the book. During the rootage of the book he states that since he can speak fluent Russian he is able to transmit prisoners of war, which allows him to spend less time on the battlefield.He also takes advantage of his situation when he is wounded on the battlefield and knows he provide be killed if he is found, so he takes a dead Russian soldiers uniform and puts it on. Then when he is found they will send him to the hospital because they will think hes a Russian soldier. Toward the end of the book Erik and Tamara take advantage of the fact that theyre injured, from the fire fight they got caught in the middle of, and they are able to escape to America because of it.Yes, I would recommend this book because its an exciting legal action book but also because it shows how Nazi soldiers were brain-washed into their way of thinking but that they didnt always agree with what they were fighting for and if it was their own decision they might pack to l eave. I liked this book very much because its good if you look at it from an action stand point and an educational stand point as well. I would recommend this book for priapic teens and adults because I think teens would be interest in it for the action but adults would be more interested in the history part of it.

Children’s Health Fund

CHF began as an intellection and whence evolved into a commodious program. Dr. Redlener wanted to be part of the wellnesscare ancestor, not contributing to the difficulty. (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin and Perkins, 2012). Delivering health check care to rural areas, working earthquake relief and other noteworthy deeds made Dr. Redlener picture that with some support he could second the under privileged. (Brown, et. al, 2012). After reading the case study, I accomplished that nomadic aesculapian clinics result always be needed. I flip worked Hurri messe cleanup and k right off that mobile food trucks, mobile Laundromats, showers and medical examination examination care is needed immediately.Mobile medical units would give volunteers the equipment needed to hold dear people in need during natural disasters and to the under privilaged. At the same magazine mobile medical clinics could be used to assist in the growing AIDS epidemic, early detection of breast cancer, i mmature pregnancy, drug addiction, and assist in the number one health problem in the United States, obesity. Challenges confront CHF is how to provide expert medical care to under privileged individuals living in rural areas, homeless person shelters, and poverty stricken areas.These challenges include continuation of funding, ingress to accurate persevering medical records, limitations in telecommunications communicates and medical databases, and healthcare providers. So what is the solution to getting expert medical care to the under privileged? to a greater extent mobile medical clinics and stationary clinics located within the needed areas? However, then we encounter the issue of cost. I see the solution as having medical students serve part of their residency or their training by assisting in the mobile medical clinics.If this was part of their training, then CHF cut their budget by not having to expect for all the provider services. An advantage is free labor, but a disa dvantage is they are not full trained, which could be detrimental to the cause. Retired doctors and nurses who want to work a few days a week would be a great asset while letting them keep up their skills. The risks that I see with each of these solutions is that the interns feed not completed their training and the older group may not be as techno savvy as they need to complete the tasks. Allocations from the government would help with some of the financial aspects.The rest would rich person to come from private donations. However, the implementation of state and federal official legislation will bring medical reporting to an additional 30 million uninsured Americans. I dont believe that private donations and federal and state funding will cover all the under privileged we currently have and then to add an additional 30 million will only add to the burden of funding. Our government is press cutting the budget currently, so each money from state or federal funding may not las t for long. The Affordable Care Act is changing the way health care is paid.Hospitals will have to embrace innovation to cut costs and deliver quality medical care. Hospitals, clinics, and doctors need to work in concert with the public to advocate needed changes in respect to reimbursements and privacy issues. I believe that the new HITECH regulations will provide the accurate patient files that are needed to provide the best care possible. Innovations in engineering science will soon solve the problems with limitations in telecommunications networks. Embracing new engineering will allow providers access to patient records and accurate accounting of current treatments.Taking the time to learn all this new technology may be challenging at first but will reward both providers and patients as time passes. Currently the government has been granting hospitals and clinics millions of dollars to elicit existing medical technology and IT programs. A central database will reduce duplicati on of patients records, treatments, billing and other medical services. Security is the biggest disadvantage that has Americans unreassuring about who will be allowed to see their medical history. I dont feel this is any more insecure than banking online or purchasing merchandise.Databases from the federal government to credit card companies have been hacked. We fair(a) have to believe that our information will be safeguarded. Are there newer more affordable network communications solutions that should be tried? Cloud computing, social networks and big data analytics are innovations that can help network communications now by lowering cost, improving outcomes and increasing access to medical care. (mHealth, 2012). detect any commercial and you will see that technology innovations are growing by leaps and bounds. No earlier do you purchase a Smartphone or computer when something ewer comes out. checkup residents who use new technology, much(prenominal) as tablets are more effic ient, they save about an hour a day and treatments and prescriptions are logical earlier. (Hyek, n. d. ). The use of mobile devices to access medical records, check real-time vital signs or test results translates into bear improvement in treatment and outcomes. (mHealth, 2012). The invention and innovation of faster, cheaper, portable, and more powerful computers grow it an affordable solution to communications. Physicians on call can receive images and start the treatment before they arrive at the hospital.The time saved using portable devices will authorise hospital staffs more efficient, treatment quicker, and save lives. CHF should upgrade their schemes with portable devices that are smaller, faster and works in remote areas. Will the federal governments HITECH stimulus funds and Meaningful Use standards track down to better software integration solutions? Health training Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Ace (HITECH) is a government program established to dra w close the use of health information technology to save lives and reduce costs. (Blumenthal, 2010). The HITECH stimulus will definitely lead to better software.Incentive bonuses are being provided to providers who meet the meaningful use of electronic health records (EHR) adoption. (Blumenthal, 2010). Medical practices of the future will have to use EHR to stay in practice. Providers currently have their own schemes of electronic health records but they are not connected to other providers, clinics or hospitals. As a soldiery Soldier our medical history is weded. We still hand carry our medical records from job station to duty station, but the system will allow my current doctor to see tests and reports from my last duty assignment.The problem is that if Im sent to a civilian medical facility for additional tests, it is not entered into our system and I have to request paper copies of the documents. It will take some time but I do believe that HITECH will eventually evolve into a nationwide program that will link all patient data. This will ensure that patients are no longer over medicated or spring from doctor to doctor to get their next fix of prescription drugs. A National Health teaching Network (NHIN) is being developed to facilitate the exchange of health information among EHRs.HITECH is a complex health information system for the 21st-century but will continue to evolve as it is implemented, but will lead the support and patience of providers and patients to be successful. (Blumenthal, 2010). The HITECH Acts programs strive to create an electronic circulatory system for health information that nourishes the practice of medicine, research, and public health, making health care professionals better at what they do and the American people healthier. (Blumenthal, 2010, para 17).Will the increase in software adoptions at physician offices make it more difficult for him to retain his staff? I believe that the increase of software adoptions will make it difficult for doctors to retain their staff. The military has become much computerized, what use to take several clerks to handle can now be completed by one clerk. Yes, we got rid of some clerks but had to train Soldiers in information technology to resolve issues and problems. Providers will need less staff to roll, change or start out appointments, but will need to hire employees proficient in computers.Each employee will experience opposite views on implementing new technology. . (Rivers, Blake, & Lindgren n. d. ). Some will welcome the changes as a way to acquire additional knowledge, while others may see this as an intrusion into their routine. (Rivers, et. al, n. d. ). Providers will be able to electronically send off prescriptions from their desk to the pharmacy. Technology can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of patient care. Wireless headsets allow nurses to answer phones no matter where they are.My dad is receiving in home health care and they bring a lapt op to map his progress, once back at their office, they send the chart to the doctor, which is saving valuable time. Providers use technology quotidian in the form of personal data assistants (PDAs), tablets, and Smartphones. (Rivers, et. al, n. d. ). These devices eradicate duplicate charting, test for drug interactions, compute dosages, schedule procedures, order medicine and computerize other clinical duties, therefore reducing the possibility of errors and increasing patient wellbeing. Rivers, et. al, n. d. ). What combination of conditions could emerge that render the mobile medical clinic model obsolete? The biggest thing that could render mobile medical clinics obsolete is the use of mobile networks to enhance healthcare (mHealth). Help from technology megatrends, such as social networking, cloud computing and big data analytics will transform global health care. (mHealth, 2012). The evolving mHealth imaginativeness is patient-centric but with information services and data analytics at its core. (mHealth, 2012, P. 7, para 2).Mobile phone applications will have the ability to collect, store, analyze and upload environmental and personal data to healthcare providers to assist in complaint prevention and treatment. (FREng, Sherrington, Dicks, Gray, and Chang, 2011). mHealth would allow patients to be monitored from home to avoid hospital or residential stays which cogency lower health costs. (FREng, et. al, 2011). The increased awareness and attention to prevention, education, and wellness will produce patients with fewer medical issues and knowledge of their medical history.Mobile networks are continually upgrading their data capacity which includes high-resolution images, video and large file exchanges. (FREng, et. al, 2011). We use our smart phones for banking, trading stocks, finding the cheapest gas, and now we want to make doctor appointments, comport the doctors bill and access our medical records. In 2011, over 44 million health-related medi cal applications were downloaded. (Hyek, 2012. ). Smart mobility is now enabling patients to control our electronic medical records while incorporating wellness and fitness applications into our lifestyle. (mHealth, 2012).